Williams v. Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky., Inc., 224 F.3d 840 (6th Cir. 2000), cert. granted, 121 S. Ct. 1600 (2001).
2.
42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq. (1990).
3.
Brief for Petitioner at 4–5,
4.
Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky., Inc. v. Williams, 2000 U.S. Briefs 1089 (June 28, 2001) (No. 00-1089).
5.
See id5.
6.
See Williams, 224 F.3d at 842.
7.
See 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a) (1990).
8.
See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A) (1990).
9.
See 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A) (1990).
10.
See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i).
11.
See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.20(1).
12.
See 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(i).
13.
Id.
14.
See Williams, 224 F.3d at 842.
15.
Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471 (1999) (holding that severely myopic siblings were not disabled because their vision was fully corrected with lenses).
16.
See Williams, 224 F.3d at 842–43.
17.
See id. at 844.
18.
See id. at 846.
19.
See id. at 846–47.
20.
PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 121 S. Ct. 1879 (2001).
21.
42 U.S.C. §§ 12181–12189 (1994).
22.
Martin, 121 S. Ct. at 1892–93n.38.
23.
Id. at 1884–86.
24.
Id. at 1890.
25.
Id. at 1891.
26.
42 U.S.C. §§ 12111–12117.
27.
Martin, 121 S. Ct. at 1892.
28.
Id. at 1893.
29.
Id. at 1895.
30.
Id. at 1896–97.
31.
Id. at 1897.
32.
Id.
33.
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers v. Thompson, 251 F.3d 219 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
34.
Id. at 221.
35.
Id. at 222.
36.
See id. at 221 (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396–1396u).
37.
See id. at 221, 225.
38.
See id. at 222 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1315(a)).
39.
Id.
40.
See id.
41.
Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-8(b)(1)(A)).
42.
See Id. at 223–24 (referencing Chevron U.SA. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 842 (1984)).
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative, 121 S. Ct. 1711 (2001).
51.
See id. at 1715 (citing Cal. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 11362.5 (West Supp. 2001)).
52.
Id.
53.
21 U.S.C. § 841(a).
54.
See United States v. Cannabis Cultivators Club, 5 F. Supp. 2d 1086, 1092–93 (1998).
55.
See Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Coop., 121 S. Ct. at 1716.
56.
See United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Coop., 190 F.3d 1109, 1112–15 (1999).
57.
See id. at 1115.
58.
See Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Coop., 121 S. Ct. at 1716.
59.
See id. at 1718 (asserting that under the Controlled Substances Act, there is “no currently acceptable medical use” for marijuana).
60.
See id.
61.
Id. at 1720–21.
62.
See id. at 1719–20.
63.
Id. at 1717.
64.
Note that the three-justice concurrence disagreed with both of the majority's contentions. See id. at 1723.
65.
In the concurrence, Justice Stevens declared, “First, the Court reaches beyond its holding, and beyond the facts of the case, by suggesting that the defense of necessity is unavailable for anyone under the Controlled Substances Act. … Second, the Court gratuitously casts doubt on ‘whether necessity can ever be a defense’ to any federal statute that does not explicitly provide for it, calling such a defense into question by a misleading reference to its existence as an ‘open question.’” Id.
66.
See GlantzL., “Supremes Offer No Relief,”National Law Journal, 23, no. 45 (2001): A21. Glantz contends that the Court's decision in Oakland Cannabis disregards its “earlier concern for the humane treatment of seriously ill patients,” as demonstrated in
67.
Washington v. Glucksburg, 521 U.S. 702 (1997).
68.
Alaska, California, Maine, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, and the District of Columbia have not indicated any changes to their medical-marijuana law enforcement. However, Colorado's Attorney General has stated that marijuana manufacturers, distributors, and users may face federal prosecution. See “States Plan Few Medical Marijuana Changes After Decision,”AIDS Policy & Law, 16, no. 11 (2001): 5.
69.
Virmani v. Novant Health Inc., 259 F.3d 284, 293 (4th Cir. 2001).
70.
Id. at 287n.3.
71.
Presbyterian Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital Matthews are subsidiaries of Novant Health Inc., formerly known as Presbyterian Health Services Corporation. See id. at 285n.1.
72.
Id. at 285.
73.
Id.
74.
See Id. (citing Virmani v. Presbyterian Health Services Corp., 488 S.E.2d 284, 289 (N.C. Ct. App. 1997)).
75.
Id.
76.
See id. at 285–86 (referencing 42 U.S.C.A. §§ 1981, 1985 (West 1994)).
77.
See id. at 286.
78.
See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 131E-95(b) (1999).
79.
See Virmani, 259 F.3d at 286.
80.
Id. at 287n.3.
81.
Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996).
82.
Virmani, 259 F.3d at 288.
83.
Id. at 289.
84.
Id.
85.
Id. at 288.
86.
Id. at 291.
87.
Id. at 290.
88.
Id. at 291.
89.
42 U.S.C. 11101–11152 (2000).
90.
Virmani, 259 F.3d at 291.
91.
Id. at 293–95.
92.
See Reimer v. Champion Healthcare Corp., 258 F.3d 720, 724 (8th Cir. 2001).
93.
29 U.S.C. §§ 206–207 (1994 & Supp. V 1999).
94.
See Reimer, 258 F.3d at 723.
95.
See id. at 724.
96.
Armour & Co. v. Wantock, 323 U.S. 126, 133 (1944).
97.
See Reimer, 258 F.3d at 724 (citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 137–38 (1944)).
98.
Id. at 724–25.
99.
29 U.S.C. § 201(a)(1).
100.
See Reimer, 258 F.3d at 725.
101.
Wisnewski v. Champion Healthcare Corp., No. CIVA3-96-72, 2000 WL 1474414, at *8n.13 (D.N.D. January 11, 2000).
102.
See Reimer, 258 F.3d at 726–27.
103.
Id. at 727.
104.
Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep't of Health & Human Res., 531 U.S. 1004 (2001).
