Risking Ethical Insolvency: A Survey of Trends in Criminal DNA Databanking

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Annas G.J. Glantz L.H. , and Roche P.A. , “The Genetic Privacy Act and Commentary,” (Boston: Boston University School of Public Health, 1995): at 90.

McEwen J.E. and Reilly P.R. , “A Review of State Legislation on DNA Forensic Data Banking,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1994): 941–958; and McEwen J.E. , “DNA Data Banks,” in Rothstein M.A. , ed., Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997): 231–251.

All US federal and state statute citations discussed in this text are shown in Table 1.

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For reviews of recent developments in the juvenile justice system, see Chaikin J.M. , “Changing Laws and Policies Governing Juvenile Justice Records,” in National Conference on Juvenile Justice Records: Appropriate Criminal and Noncriminal Justice Uses, (Washington, D.C., Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, 1997): 11–14; and Schwartz I.M. , “Will the Juvenile Court System Survive?”, American Academy of Political and Social Science, 564 (1999): 8–9 and essays that follow.

Callaghan T. , Testimony, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice: Sept. 26–27, 1999; and National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board of Biology, DNA Technology in Forensic Science, (Washington, D.C.: National Acadamy Press, 1992), at 120.

See McEwen , 1997, supra note 5; and Kipnis K. , “DNA Banking in the Military: An Ethical Analysis,” in Weir R. F. , ed., Stored Tissue Samples: Ethical, Legal, and Public Policy Implications, (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998): 329–344.

Weedn V.W. , “Stored Biologic Specimens for Military Identification: The Department of Defense DNA Registry,” in Weir , id. at 345–357.

See Callaghan , supra note 13.

Budowle B. and Moretti T.R. , “Forensics: Analysis of Short Tandem Repeat Loci by Multiplex PCR and Real Time Fluorescence Detection During Capillary Electrophoresis,” in Epplen J.T. and Lubjuhn T. , eds., DNA Profiling and DNA Fingerprinting, (Boston: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1999): 101–115.

See McEwen , 1997, supra note 5; McEwen J. , “Storing Genes to Solve Crimes: Legal, Ethical, and Public Policy Considerations,” in Weir R.F. , supra note 14, at 311–28; and Reilly P.R. and Page D.C. , “We're off to see the genome,” Nature Genetics, 20, no. 9 (1998): 15–17.

Anonymous, “Right to Privacy Protected by Massachusetts Decision,” Biotechnology Newswatch, Sept. 7, 1998.

See supra note 13.

See supra note 4 at 66.

See id.

Phillips J.A. III , “American College of Medical Genetics Statement on the Storage and Use of Genetic Materials,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 57 (1995): 1499–1500.

See McEwen , 1994 supra note 4.

Lawson K. , “CrimTrac to Provide Speedy Suspect Identification,” Canberra Times, July 22, 1999, at A1.

Anonymous, “China: Law Enforcement DNA Database Established,” BBC World Wide Monitoring—Asia Pacific, Sept. 9, 1999.

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Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, Part IV, 1994.

Criminal Code RSC 1985, Chapter C-46, s.487 et seq. (1996).

Benecke M. , “DNA Typing in Forensic Medicine and Criminal Investigations: A Current Survey,” Naturwissenschaften, 84 (1997): 181–8; and Peerenboom E. , “Central Criminal DNA Database Created in Germany,” Nature Biotechnology, 16 (1998): 510–11.

Morton J. , A Guide to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994 (London: Butterworths, 1994): at 33–34.

Blair J. , “Police Chiefs Join in Call for More DNA Sampling,” New York Times, Aug. 16, 1999, at B5.

Werrett D. , Testimony, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Oak Brook, IL, National Institute of Justice, June 8, 1998.

Anonymous, “Fed: Mass DNA Screenings OK if Voluntary, says Williams,” AAP Newsfeed, Apr. 16, 2000.

Thompson W.A. , “A Forensic Blood Bank? RCMP solve a murder by soliciting DNA samples, but have not returned them,” British Columbia Report, Sept. 13, 1999, at 43.

See Peerenboom , supra note 30.

Fereday L. , Testimony, “Technology Development: DNA from Fingerprints,” National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Boston, National Institute of Justice, July 25–26, 1999.

Criminal Code RSC 1985, Chapter C-46, s.487 et seq. (1996).

I thank an anonymous reviewer for bringing this point to my attention; see also David Boyd, Speech, Fifth Annual Conference on the Future of DNA: Implications for the Criminal Justice System. New York, National Institute of Justice, May 8, 2000, at 20.

DeFrances C.J. and Steadman G.W. , Prosecutions in State Courts, 1996, (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998); Hicks J.W. and Weedn V. , “The Unrealized Potential of DNA Testing,” in NIJ: Research in Action, (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, June, 1998); and supra note 33.

See supra note 8 at 6.

See id.

See McEwen , 1997 supra note 5; and Hibbert M. , “DNA Databanks: Law Enforcement's Greatest Surveillance Tool?”, Wake Forest Law Review, 34 (1999): At 782–786. ( Hibbert 1999; McEwen 1997)

See Hibbert , id.

Lambert B. , “Guiliani Backs DNA Testing of Newborns for ID,” New York Times, Dec. 17, 1998, at B4; and Smith M. , Remarks, “Legal Issues Working Group Report: Constitutional Analysis of Arrestee DNA Sampling,” National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence Conference, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Justice, July 26–27, 1999.

Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721 (S. Ct. 1969).

Thom v. New York Stock Exchange, 306 F.Supp. 1002, (S.D.N.Y. 1969).

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Perkey v. Department of Motor Vehicles , 721 P.2d 50, 55–56 (Cal. 1986).

Fried C. , “Privacy,” Yale Law Journal, 77 (1968): 475–93.

See id. at 486.

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Sterngold J. , “Investigation into Police is Broadened in Los Angeles,” New York Times, Feb. 24, 2000, at A12.

Snyder H.N. and Sickmund M. , “Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report,” National Center for Juvenile Justice, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1999).

Butterfield F. , “Racial Disparities Seen as Pervasive in Juvenile Justice,” New York Times, April 26, 2000, at A1; and Males M. and Macallair D. , “The Color of Justice: An Analysis of Juvenile-Adult Court Transfers in California,” (San Francisco: Justice Policy Institute, 2000).

Bonczar T.P. and Beck A.J. , “Lifetime Likelihood of Going to State or Federal Prison,” U.S. Department of Justice, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1997): At 1.

Merz J.F. , and Sankar P. , “DNA Banking: An Empirical Study of a Proposed Consent Form,” in Weir , supra note 14 at 198–235.

Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Correctional Populations in the US, 1996,” Department of Justice (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April, 1999), at Table 1.28.

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993).

See National Academy of Sciences, supra note 13, at 120.

Trischitta L. , “As DNA Use Rises, So Do Concerns,” The Times Union, March 3, 2000, at A1; and Callaghan , supra note 13.

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See supra note 17.

Rosenblum D.E. , “Seeking Answers, Census is Stirring Privacy Questions,” New York Times, April 1, 2000, at A1.