The Moral Underpinning of the Proxy-Provider Relationship: Issues of Trust and Distrust

See Dubler N.N. , “The Doctor-Proxy Relationship: The Neglected Connection,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 5 (1995): 289–306.

See SUPPORT Principal Investigators, “A Controlled Trial to Improve Outcomes for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Adults: The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT),” JAMA, 274 (1995): 1591–98; and Teno J.M. , “Advance Directives for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients: Effectiveness with the Patient Self-Determination Act and the SUPPORT Intervention,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45 (1997): 500–07.

See Teno J.M. , “Do Advance Directives Provide Instructions that Direct Care?,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45 (1997): 508–12.

Fins J.J. , “Advance Directives and SUPPORT,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45 (1997): at 520.

See Moskowitz E.H. and Nelson J.L. , “The Best Laid Plans,” Hastings Center Report, 25, no. 6 (1995): S3–S6.

President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Making Health Care Decisions (Washington, D.C.: President's Commission, 1982): at 159.

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (1990).

Annas G.J. , “The Health Care Proxy and the Living Will,” N. Engl. J. Med., 324 (1991): at 1211.

New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, Life-Sustaining Treatment: Making Decisions and Appointing a Health Care Agent (Albany: New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, 1987): at 91–92.

Buchanan A.E. and Brock D.W. , Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989): at 94–95.

Hardwig J. , “The Problem of Proxies with Interests of Their Own,” Journal of Clinical Ethics, 4 (1993): at 20.

See Powell T. , “Extubating Mrs. K: Psychological Aspects of Surrogate Decision Making,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 27 (1999): 81–86.

See Sabatino C.P. , “The Legal and Functional Status of the Medical Proxy: Suggestions for Statutory Reform,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 27 (1999): 52–68.

Kapp M.B. , Commentary, “Anxieties as a Legal Impediment to the Doctor-Proxy Relationship,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 27 (1999): 69–73.

New York State Task Force, supra note 9, at 92.

See Baier A.C. , Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).

Id. at 196.

See Lagerspetz O. , “The Notion of Trust in Philosophical Psychology,” in Alanen L. Heinamaa S. , and Walgren T. , eds., Commonality and Particularity in Ethics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997): 95–117.

See Baier A.C. , “Response to Olli Lagerspetz,” in Alanen Heinamaa , and Walgren , supra note 18, at 118–22.

Baier A.C. , “Trusting Ex-intimates,” in Graham G. and LaFollette H. , eds., Person to Person (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989): at 27.

Gaylin W. and Jennings B. , The Perversion of Autonomy (New York: Free Press, 1996); at 231.

High D.M. , “Families' Roles in Advance Directives,” Hastings Center Report, 24, no. 6 (1994): at S18.

Nelson J.L. and Nelson H.L. , “Guided by Intimates,” Hastings Center Report, 23, no. 5 (1993): 14–6; and Nelson H.L. and Nelson J.L. , “Preferences and Other Moral Sources,” Hastings Center Report, 24, no. 6 (1994): S19–S21.

See Blustein J. , “The Family in Medical Decision-Making,” Hastings Center Report, 23, no. 3 (1993): 6–13.

See Pellegrino E.D. and Thomasma D.C. , The Virtues in Medical Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).