The Role of Hospice Philosophy of Care in Nonhospice Settings

Callahan D. , The Troubled Dream of Life: Living with Mortality (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993): At 41.

National Hospice Organization, Fact Sheet: July 1996 Update, at 1 (1996) (citing 1995 estimate of 14.8 percent).

National Hospice Organization, Standards of a Hospice Program of Care (Arlington: National Hospice Organization, 1993).

World Health Organization, Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care (Geneva: World Health Organization, Technical Report Series, 1990).

See id.

Byock I.R. , “Feature Article,” Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 6 (1996): 2–3, 10–11.

Walsh T.D. , “Commentary on World Health Organization Policy Statement on Palliative Care,” American Pain Society Bulletin, July/Aug. (1993): 10–14.

Weissman D.E. Griffie J. , “The Palliative Care Consultation Service of the Medical College of Wisconsin,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 9 (1994): 474–79.

National Hospice Organization, supra note 2, at 1.

Cassel C.K. Vladeck B.C. , “ICD-9 Code for Palliative or Terminal Care,” N. Engl. J. Med., 335 (1996): 1232–34. The National Hospice Organization (NHO) also reported that the average length of stay for all hospice patients in 1992 was sixty-four days; in 1995, the length of stay declined to 50.4 days, due in part to late referrals. See National Hospice Organization, supra note 2, at 1.

Christakis N.A. Escarce J.J. , “Survival of Medicare Patients after Enrollment in Hospice Programs,” N. Engl. J. Med., 335 (1996): At 172–78.

Id. at 175.

National Hospice Organization, supra note 2, at 1.

See, for example, “Disparities in Care for Patients Show Stark Racial Breakdowns,” Medical Ethics Advisor, 12 (1996): At 133–36.

National Hospice Organization, supra note at 1. Fifty-three percent of hospice patients in these data were male, with 68 percent aged sixty-five years or older; of the females, 72 percent were sixty-five or older. 1993 NHO statistics report that 78 percent of deaths were caused by cancer. The remaining 22 percent represented noncancer diseases: Cardiac at 10 percent, AIDS at 4 percent, renal at 1 percent, Alzheimer's disease at 1 percent, and other diagnoses at 6 percent. Cancer diagnoses had decreased from 84 percent in 1990 to 74 percent in 1995. Id.

SUPPORT Principal Investigators, “A Controlled Trial to Improve Care for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients,” JAMA, 274 (1995): 1591–98.

Id. at 1594.

Lynn J. , “Caring at the End of Our Lives,” N. Engl. J. Med., 335 (1996): At 201–02.

Solomon M.Z. , “Decisions Near the End of Life: Professional Views on Life-Sustaining Treatment,” American Journal of Public Health, 83 (1993): 14–23.

Von Roenn J.H. , “Physician Attitudes and Practice in Cancer Pain Management: A Survey from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 119 (1993): 121–26.

Marks R.M. Sachar E.G. , “Undertreatment of Medical Inpatients with Narcotic Analgesics,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 78 (1973): 173–81.

Cleeland C.S. , “Pain and Its Treatment in Outpatients with Metastatic Cancer,” N. Engl. J. Med., 330 (1994): 592–96.

Chernyl N.I. Coyle N. Foley K.M. , “Suffering in the Advanced Cancer Patient: A Definition and Taxonomy,” Journal of Palliative Care, 10, no. 2 (1994): 57–70.

See, for example, National Hospice Organization, “Knowledge and Attitudes Related to Hospice Care,” Gallup Organization (Sept. 1996).

Chernyl Coyle Foley , supra note 23, at 64–67.

Walsh D. , “Managing a Palliative Oncology Program: The Role of a Business Plan,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 9 (1994): 109–15.

See Weissman Griffie , supra note 8.

Dalton J.A. Bernard S. , “Managing Cancer Pain: Content and Scope of an Educational Program for Nurses Who Work in Predominantly Rural Areas,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 10 (1995): 214–23.

Ferrell B.R. , “The Pain Resource Nurse Training Program: A Unique Approach to Pain Management,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 8 (1993): 549–56.

Harnett T. , “Providers Persist in Search for ‘Good Death’,” Medical Ethics Advisor, 12 (1996): 1–3.

Callahan , supra note 1, at 187–219.