DonderoT., “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Review of Current Knowledge,”Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 36 (1987): 125–74; and TurnerS.MillerH.MosesL., AIDS: Sexual Behavior And Intravenous Drug Use (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989).
2.
KolataG., “New Picture of Who Will Get AIDS is Crammed with Addicts,”New York Times, Feb. 28, 1995, at B6.
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Facts About Drug Use and HIV/AIDS (Atlanta: CDC, Sept. 1993); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Facts About Women and HIV/AIDS (Atlanta: CDC, Oct. 1993).
4.
Anon, NASEN Newsworks (Tacoma: North American Syringe Exchange Network, Dec. 16, 1994): At 1.
5.
SorgeR., “Harm Reduction: A New Approach to Drug Services,”Health/PAC Bulletin, Winter (1991): 22–27; and Des JarlaisD.C., “International Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among Injecting Drug Users,”AIDS, 6 (1992): 1053–68.
6.
LurieP., The Public Health Impact of Needle Exchange Programs in the United States and Abroad (Atlanta: CDC, Vols. 1 & 2, Oct. 1993).
7.
GuydishJ., “Evaluating Needle Exchange: Are There Negative Effects?,”AIDS, 7 (1993): 871–76.
8.
HartgersC., “The Impact of the Needle and Syringe-Exchange Programme in Amsterdam on Injecting Risk Behaviour,”AIDS, 3 (1989): 571–76; HaganH., “Lower HIV Seroprevalence, Declining HBV and Safer Injection in Relation to the Tacoma Needle Exchange,” in Final Program and Abstracts of the VII International Conference on AIDS (Florence, Abstract WC 3291, 1991); WattersJ.ChengY., “Syringe Exchange in San Francisco: Preliminary Findings,” in Final Program and Abstracts of the VII International Conference on AIDS (Florence, Abstract ThC99, 1991); GuydishJ., “Sharing Needles: Risk Reduction among Intravenous Drug Users in San Francisco,” in Final Program and Abstracts of the V International Conference on AIDS (Montreal, Abstract ThDP34, 1989); FeldmanH., “Modification of Needle Use in Out-of-Treatment Intravenous Drug Users,” in Final Program and Abstracts of the V International Conference on AIDS (Montreal, Abstract ThDP62, 1989); and PaoneD., “AIDS Risk Reduction Behaviors among Participants of Needle Syringe Exchange Programs in New York City, USA,” in Final Program and Abstracts of the IX International Conference on AIDS (Berlin, Abstract PO-C24-3188, 1993).
9.
OliverK.J., Letter, “Impact of a Needle Exchange Program on Potentially Infectious Syringes in Public Places,”Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 5 (1992): 534.
10.
Des JarlaisD.C.FriedmanS.R., “AIDS and Legal Access to Sterile Drug Injection Equipment,”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 521 (1992): 42–65; and Lurie, supra note 6.
11.
PaoneD., “New York City Syringe Exchange: Expansion, Risk Reduction, and Seroincidence,”Abstract PC0470 presented at X International Conference on AIDS, Yokohama, Aug. 7–12, 1994.
12.
KaplanE.H.HeimerR., “A Circulation Theory of Needle Exchange,”AIDS, 8 (1994): 567–74.
13.
BeauchampT.L.ChildressJ.F., Principles of Biomedical Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 4th ed., 1994).
14.
Lurie, supra note 6.
15.
Oliver, supra note 9; and Lurie, supra note 6.
16.
Lurie, supra note 6.
17.
Id.
18.
WileyJ.SamuelM., “Prevalence of HIV Infection in the USA,”AIDS, 3 (1989): 71–78.
19.
BennettC.L.“Medical Care Costs of Intravenous Drug Users with AIDS in Brooklyn,”Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 5 (1992): 1–6.
20.
County of San Diego, Report, “Exchange as a Means of Reducing the Transmission of HIV Infection,” July 1992, at 1.
21.
Oliver, supra note 9.
22.
HaganH., “The Tacoma Syringe Exchange,”Journal of Addictive Diseases, 10 (1991): 81–88; and KaplanE.O'KeefeE.HeimerR., “Evaluating the New Haven Needle Exchange Program (NEP),” in Final Program and Abstracts of the VII International Conference on AIDS (Florence, Abstract WC 3286, 1991).
23.
Lurie, supra note 6.
24.
Id.; and KahnJ.G., Updated Estimates of the Impact and Cost of HIV Prevention in Injecting Drug Users (San Francisco: Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, 1992).
25.
SherrL., “Fear Arousal and AIDS: Do Shock Tactics Work?,”AIDS, 4 (1990): 361–64.
26.
Lurie, supra note 6; and DonoghoeM.DolanK.StimsonG., “Changes in Injectors' HIV Risk Behavior and Syringe Supply in UK 1987–90,” in Final Program and Abstracts of the VII International Conference on AIDS (Florence, Abstract ThC45, 1991).
27.
JarlaisDes, supra note 5.
28.
See supra note 21.
29.
WileySamuel, supra note 18; and DanielsN., Just Health Care (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
30.
NormanC., “Transgendered People,” presented at the Seventh National AIDS Update Conference, San Francisco, Feb. 1995.
31.
GostinL., “The Interconnected Epidemics of Drug Dependency and AIDS,”Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 26 (1991): 113–84.
32.
Anon, A Report on HIV/AIDS Activities in Australia 1990–1991 (Canberra: IGCA, 1991).
33.
Keys YoungM.S.J., Fitpacks Evaluation Study (New South Wales: AIDS Bureau, New South Wales Health Dept., Mar. 1992).
34.
LungleyS.BakerM., The Needle and Syringe Exchange Scheme in Operation (Wellington: New Zealand Dept. of Health, 1990).
35.
Anon, Needle Exchange Programs: Research Suggests Promise as an AIDS Prevention Strategy (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, Mar. 1993).
36.
TheisenR., “Legal Climate for Increased Needle and Syringe Availability,” presentation at Needle and Syringe Availability and Exchange for HIV Prevention, Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, Dec. 10–11, 1992.
37.
FreedmanB., “Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research,”N. Engl. J. Med., 317 (1987): 141–45.
38.
National Research Council, AIDS: Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use (Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992); National Research Council, AIDS: The Second Decade (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990); and Institute of Medicine, AIDS and Behavior: An Integrated Approach (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994).
39.
President's Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, The Twin Epidemics of Substance Abuse and HIV (Washington, D.C.: President's Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, July 1991).
40.
Anon, supra note 35.
41.
Lurie, supra note 6.
42.
Anon, The Clinton Administration's Internal Reviews of Research on Needle Exchange Programs (Washington, D.C.: Drug Policy Foundation, Mar. 7, 1995).
43.
LugoboniF., “An HBV Vaccination Program for Street Injecting Drug Users: Implications for Testing an HIV Vaccine,” poster PoC 4796 presented at VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, July 19–24, 1992.