Federal Regulation of Clinical Practice in Narcotic Addiction Treatment: Purpose,Status,and Alternatives

Institute of Medicine, Treating Drug Problems (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990); and Simpson D.D. , “Treatment for Drug Abuse. Follow-up Outcomes and Length of Time Spent,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 38 (1981): 875–80.

Cooper J.R. , “Methadone Treatment and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,” JAMA, 262 (1989): 1664–68.

Dole V.P. , “Hazards of Process Regulations; The Example of Methadone Maintenance,” JAMA, 267 (1992): 2234–35.

Federal Register, 54 (Mar. 2, 1989): 8976–79.

U.S. General Accounting Office, Methadone Maintenance: Some Treatment Programs Are Not Effective; Greater Federal Oversight Needed (Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-90-104, 1990).

Dole V.P. Nyswander M.E. Desjarlais D. , “Performance-Based Rating of Methadone Maintenance Programs,” JAMA, 306 (1982): 169–71.

Cooper J.R. , “Establishing a Methadone Quality Assurance System: Rationale and Objectives,” in Pickens R.W. Leukefeld C.G. Schuster C.R. , eds., Improving Drug Abuse Treatment. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 106 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, DHHS Pub. No. (DAM) 91-1754, 1991).

Institute of Medicine, Development of Anti-Addiction Medications: Issues for the Government and Private Sector (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994).

Pub. L. No. 91–513 (1970).

Pub. L. No. 93–281 (1974).

Pub. L. No. 98–473 (1984).

21 U.S.C. § 822(a) (1970).

21 U.S.C. § 823 (1970).

21 U.S.C. § 824 (1970).

U.S. House of Representatives Report No. 93–884, U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, 93rd Congress (1974), pp. 3029–39.

Pub. L. No. 93–281 (1974).

21 U.S.C. § 823(g) (1974).

21 U.S.C. § 824(a) (1974).

21 U.S.C. § 822(a) (1974); 21 U.S.C. § 823 (1974); and 21 U.S.C. § 824 (1974).

U.S. House of Representatives Report No. 91-1444 (Part 1), U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, 91st Congress (1970), p. 4589.

See op. cit., note 17.

Ibid.

See op. cit., note 9.

Federal Register, 35 (June 11, 1970): 9014–15.

Federal Register, 37 (Dec. 15, 1972): 26790–807.

American Pharmaceutical Association v. Mathews , 530 F.2d 1054 (D.C. Cir. 1976).

Federal Register, 41 (July 6, 1976): 28262–65.

Personal communication with Vodra William W. , dated November 1993.

See op. cit., note 11.

See op. cit., note 15.

21 U.S.C. § 823(f) (1984).

See op. cit., note 11.

U.S. House of Representatives Report No. 98-835 (Part 1), U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, 98th Congress (1984), p. 3448.

Ibid. See also op. cit., note 15.

See op. cit., note 15.

See op. cit., note 33.

Orders to Show Cause, Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administration, March 20, 1990.

Order to Show Cause, Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration, March 16, 1992.

Order to Show Cause, Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration, April 23, 1992.

21 U.S.C. § 824(d) (1984).

Federal Register, 58 (July 12, 1993): 37505–06.

See op. cit., notes 13 and 18.

See op. cit., note 11.

Ibid.

See op. cit., note 9.

See op. cit., note 10.

Federal Register, 53 (April 11, 1988): 11970–89.

21 C.F.R. § 10.90 (1979).

Federal Register, 55 (Dec. 10, 1990): 50776–77; and Federal Register, 58 (Dec. 27, 1993): 68416–18.

Ibid.; and see also Federal Register, 59 (April 25, 1994): 19723–25.

Ibid.

Federal Register, 57 (July 31, 1992): 33992–34021.

Federal Register, 58 (June 30, 1993): 35007–20.

21 U.S.C. § 351(b) (1974).