Required Reconsideration of “Do-Not-Resuscitate” Orders in the Operating Room and Certain other Treatment Settings

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Pub L No. 101–508.

See, for example, President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment: A Report on the Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1983), 231–55; The Hastings Center, “Guidelines on Advance Directives,” Guidelines on the Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Care of the Dying: A Report. (New York: The Hastings Center, 1987), 76–84; Miles Steven H. Gomez Carlos F. , Protocols for Elective Use of Life-Sustaining Treatments: A Design Guide (New York: Springer, 1989), 48–49; Moskop John C. , “Advance Directives in Medicine: Choosing among the Alternatives,” in Hackler Chris Moseley Ray Vawter Dorothy E. , eds., Advance Directives in Medicine: Studies in Health and Human Values (New York: Praeger, 1989), 9–19; LaPuma John Orentlicher David Moss Robert J. , “Advance Directives on Admission: Clinical Implications and Analysis of the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990,” Journal of the American Medical Association 166 (1991): 401–405; Emanuel Linda L. , “Advance Directives for Medical Care—A Case for Greater Use,” New England Journal of Medicine 324 (1991): 889–95; Society for the Right to Die. Refusal of Treatment Legislation: A State by State Compilation of Enacted and Model Statutes (New York: Society for the Right to Die, 1991).

Veatch Robert M. , “‘Do Not Resuscitate’ Orders: An Ethical Analysis,” in Veatch Robert M. , The Patient-Physician Relation: The Patient as Partner, Part 2 (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1991) 240–249.

Miles Steven H. Cranford Ronald E. Schultz A.L. , “The Do-Not-Resuscitate Order in a Teaching Hospital: Considerations and a Suggested Policy,” Annals of Internal Medicine 96 (1982): 660–4; Evans Andrew L. Brody Baruch A. , “The Do-Not-Resuscitate Order in Teaching Hospitals,” Journal of the American Medical Association 253 (1985): 2236–39; Youngner Stuart J. , “‘Do Not Resuscitate Orders’: Incidence and Implications in a Medical Intensive Care Unit,” Journal of the American Medical Association 253 (1985): 54–57; La Puma John , “Life- Sustaining Treatment: A Prospective Study of Patients with DNR Orders in A Teaching Hospital,” Archives of Internal Medicine 148 (1988): 2193–98.

Miles, supra note 4; Evans , supra note 4; Lo Bernard , “‘Do Not Resuscitate’ Decisions: A Prospective Study at Three Teaching Hospitals,” Archives of Internal Medicine 145 (1985): 1115–17; Lipton Helene Levens , “Do-Not-Resuscitate Decisions in A Community Hospital: Incidence, Implications, and Outcomes,” Journal of the American Medical Association 256 (1986):1164–69; Uhlmann Richard F. McDonald Walter J. Inui Thomas S. , “Epidemiology of No-Code Orders in an Academic Hospital,” Western Journal of Medicine 140 (1984):114–16; La Puma , supra note 4; Jonsson P.V. McNamee M. Campion E.W. , “The ‘Do Not Resuscitate’ Order: A Profile of Its Changing Use,” Archives of Internal Medicine 148 (1988):2373–76.

Jonsson , supra note 5.

LaPuma , supra note 4.

President's Commission, supra note 2; Youngner Stuart J. , “Decisions Not to Resuscitate,” in Youngner Stuart J. , ed., Human Values in Critical Care Medicine. (New York: Praeger, 1986) 15–33; “Standards and Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary (CPR) and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC),” Journal of the American Medical Association 155 (1986) 2905–908; Hastings Center, Guidelines , supra note 2; Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, (Chicago: American Hospital Association, 1988) 90–98; Veatch , supra note 3.

Youngner Stuart J. , “Advance Directives and the Denial of Death: Should the Conflict Be Resolved?” in Hackler Chris Moseley Ray Vawter Dorothy E. , eds., Advance Directives in Medicine. (New York: Praeger, 1989) 128–39.

Ramsey Paul , The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics (New Haven: Yale, 1970) 113–57; Uhlmann Richard F. Cassel Christine K. McDonald Walter J. , “Some Treatment-Withholding Implications of No-Code Orders in an Academic Hospital,” Critical Care Medicine 12 (1984): 879–81; Lo, supra note 5; LaPuma, supra note 4; Jonsson, supra note 5.

Rabkin Mitchell T. Gillerman G. Rice N.R. , “Orders Not to Resuscitate,” New England Journal of Medicine 295 (1976)364–67.

Evans, supra note 4; Jonsson, supra note 5.

Wachter Robert M. , “Decisions about Resuscitation: Inequities among Patients with Different Diseases but Similar Prognoses,” Annals of Internal Medicine in (1989) 525–32.

Youngner , supra note 4.

Charlson Mary E. , “Resuscitation: How Do We Decide?” Journal of the American Medical Association 255 (1986) 1316–22.

Youngner , supra note 8; Lo , supra note 5.

President's Commission, supra note 2; Hastings Center, supra note 2; Miles , supra note 4; Charlson , supra note 15, La Puma , supra note 4.

Hastings Center, supra note 2; Wolf Susan M. , “Conflict between Doctor and Patient,” Law, Medicine & Health Care 16 (1988) 197–203; Youngner Stuart J. , “Who Defines Futility?” Journal of the American Medical Association 260 (1988) 2094–95; Tomlinson Tom Brody Howard , “Ethics and Comunication in Do-Not Resuscitate Orders,” New England Journal of Medicine 318 (1988): 43–46; Lantos John D. , “The Illusion of Futility in Clinical Practice,” American Journal of Medicine 87 (1989): 81–84; Tomlinson Tom Brody Howard , “Futility and the Ethics of Resuscitation,” Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (1990): 1276–80; Youngner Stuart J. , “Futility in Context,” Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (1990): 1295–96; Schneiderman Lawrence J. Jecker Nancy S. Jonsen Albert R. , “Medical Futility: Its Meaning and Ethical Implications,” Annals of Internal Medicine 112 (1990): 949–54; Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association, “Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of Do-Not-Rcsuscitate Orders,” Journal of the American Medical Association 265 (1991) 1868–71; Callahan Daniel , “Medical Necessity, Medical Futility: The Problem-Without-A-Name,” Hastings Center Report 21 (1991): 30–35.

Tomlinson (1990), supra note 18.

Uhlmann , supra note 10; Evans , supra note 4; Charlson , supra note 15; Taffet George E. Teasdale Thomas A. Luchi Robert J. , “In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,” Journal of the American Medical Association 260 (1988): 2069–72; Youngner (1988) supra note 18; Lantos , supra note 18; Youngner (1990), supra note 18.

Pearlman Robert A. Inui T.S. Carter W.B. , “Variability in Physician Bioethical Decision Making,” Annals of Internal Medicine 97: (1982) 420–23; Lantos , supra note 18; Hammond J. Ward C.G. , “Decision Not to Treat: ‘Do Not Resuscitate’ Order for the Burn Patient in the Acute Setting,” Critical Care Medicine 17 (1989): 136–40; Schneiderman , supra note 18.

Blackhall Leslie J. , “Must We Always Use CPR?” New England Journal of Medicine 317 (1987): 1281–84; Youngner (1990), supra note 18.

McGrath R.B. , “In-House Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation—After a Quarter of a Century,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 16 (1987):1365–68.

DeBard M.L. , “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Analysis of Six Years' Experience and Review of the Literature,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 10 (1981) 408; Hershey C.O. Fisher L. , “Why Outcome of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in General Wards is Poor,” Lancet 1 (1982): 31–36; Bedell Susanna E. , “Survival after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Hospital,” New England Journal of Medicine 309 (1983): 569–76.

Bedell , supra note 24.

Blackball , supra note 22.

Bjork R.J. , “Medical Complications of Cardiopulmonary Arrest.” Archives of Internal Medicine 142 (1982) 500–505.

Youngner , supra note 8.

Miles , supra note 4.

In re Dinnerstein, 380 N.E.2d 134 (Mass. App. 1978).

Cohen Cynthia B. Cohen Peter J. , “Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders in the Operating Room,” New England Journal of Medicine 325 (1991): 1879–82.

President's Commission, supra note 2; Standards and Guidelines, supra note 8.

Hovi-Viander M. , “Death Associated with Anaesthesia in Finland,” British Journal of Anaesthesia 52 (1980): 483–88; Keenan Richard L. Paul Boyan C. , “Cardiac Arrest due to Anesthesia: A Study of Incidence and Causes,” Journal of the American Medical Association 253 (1985): 2372–77; Olsson G.L. Hall B. , “Cardiac Arrest during Anaesthesia. A Computer-Aided Study in 250,543 Anaesthetics,” Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 32 (1988): 653–64; Caplan Robert A. , “Unexpected Cardiac Arrest during Spinal Anesthesia: A Closed Claims Analysis of Predisposing Factors,” Anesthesiology 68 (1988) 5–11.

“Summary of the National Halothane Study,” Journal of the American Medical Association 197 (1966) 775–78.

Hovi-Viander , supra note 33; Keenan , supra note 33; Olsson , supra note 33; Truog Robert D. , “‘Do-Not-Resuscitate’ Orders during Anesthesia and Surgery,” Anesthesiology 74 (1991): 606–608.

Olsson , supra note 33.

Hershey , supra note 24.

Peatfield R.C. , “Survival after Cardiac Arrest in Hospital,” Lancet 1 (1977): 1223–27.

Cohen , supra, note 31.

Bosk Charles , Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1979), 29–30.

Bosk , supra note 40.

Youngner , supra, note 4; Jonsson , supra note 5.

See, for example, “It's Over Debbie,” Journal of the American Medical Association 259 (1988):272; deWachter M.A.M. , “Active Euthanasia in the Netherlands,” Journal of the American Medical Association 262 (1989): 3316–19; Kass Leon R. , “Neither for Love nor Money: Why Doctors Must Not Kill,” The Public Interest 94 (1989): 25–43; Singer Peter A. Siegler Mark , “Euthanasia—A Critique,” New England Journal of Medicine 322 (1990): 1881–83; Quill Timothy E. , “Death and Dignity—A Case of Individualized Decision Making. New England Journal of Medicine 324 (1991): 691–4; Humphry Derek , Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying (Eugene, Oregon: The Hemlock Society, 1991); Misbin Robert I. , “Physicians' Aid in Dying,” New England Journal of Medicine 325 (1991): 1307–11.

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health , 110 S. Ct. 1841 (1990).

Meisel Alan , “Hospital Guidelines for Deciding about Life-Sustaining Treatment: Dealing with Death ‘Limbo’,” Critical Care Medicine 14 (1986): 239–43; Truog, supra note 38.

Walker Robert M. , “DNR in the OR: Resuscitation as an Operative Risk,” Journal of the American Medical Association 166 (1991): 2407–12.

Cohen Cynthia B. , “Interdisciplinary Consultation on the Care of the Critically Ill and Dying: The Role of One Hospital Ethics Committee,” Critical Care Medicine 10 (1982) 776–84; Ross Judith W. , Handbook for Hospital Ethics Committees (Chicago: American Hospital Association, 1986).

Miller A. Lo Bernard , “How Do Doctors Discuss Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders?” Western Journal of Medicine 143 (1985): 256–61.

Appelbaum P.S. Roth Loren H. , “Patients Who Refuse Treatment in Medical Hospitals,” Journal of the American Medical Association 250 (1983): 1296–99.

Weiner Richard D. , “Convulsive Therapies,” in Kaplan Harold I. Sadock Benjamin J. , eds., Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1985), vol. 2, 1558–63.

Donlon John V. Jr. , “Anesthesia for Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat,” in Miller Ronald D. , Anesthesia (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1986) 1837–1869.

Smith Hugh C. Reeder Guy S. , “Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Arteriography,” in Tarhan Sait , ed., Anesthesia and Coronary Artery Surgery (Chicago: Year Book Medical, 1986): 58–59.

Richard I. Mazze , “Anesthesia and the Renal and Genitourinary Systems,” in Miller Ronald D. , Anesthesia (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990): 1791–1800.

Weiner , supra note 50.

Donlon , supra note 51.

Smith , supra note 52.

Mazze , supra note 53.