The Moral Standing of Animals in Medical Research

See, for example, Hendu William R. and Loeb Jerod M. , “By Responding Quickly and Wisely, Universities Can Avoid the Traps Set by Animal-Rights Groups,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 30, 1990, p. B1; Gibson W. A. , “The Animal Rights War on Biomedical Research: A Call To Arms” [editorial], Journal of Dental Research 69(10): 1703–1704, Oct. 1990. Hill Retha , “Protestors Stalk Research Over Cat Experiments,” The Washington Post, June 23, 1991, pp. C1, C6; Adler Jerry and Hager Mary , “Emptying the Cages: Does the Animal Kingdom Need a Bill of Rights?”, Newsweek 61 (21), pp. 59–60 (May 23, 1988); Scott Bernstein, “Animal Rights Activists Distort Issues,” Journal of the American Medical Association 261 (No. 5; Feb. 3, 1989): 784.

Fox Jeffrey L. , “Changes in Animal Care Policy Proposed,” Science 224 (27 April 1984): 364f.

“Animals, Science, and Ethics,” Hastings Center Report 20 (May/June 1990), Special Supplement, pp. 1–32.

Hastings Center Report 20 (November/December 1990), Letters, p. 43. See also White R. J. , “Animal Rights Versus Human Rights” [editorial], Surgical Neurology 30 (No. 5, Nov. 1988): 410–411.

See, for example, Rowan Andrew N. , Of Mice, Models, and Men: A Critical Evaluation of Animal Research (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984), Chaps. 3–4.

See Tooley Michael , “Abortion and Infanticide,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (Fall 1972): 37–65; “In Defense of Abortion and Infanticide.” In Feinberg, Joel , ed., The Problem of Abortion, 2d edition (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1984), pp. 120–134; Warren Anne Mary , “On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,” The Monist, Vol. 57, No. 1 (January 1973).

Bentham Jeremy , The Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), Chap. 17, Sect. 1. See the Bentham selection in Regan Tom and Singer Peter (eds.), Animal Rights and Human Obligations, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989), p. 26. This anthology is cited below as “Regan-Singer.”

See, for example, Flemming A. H. , “Animal Suffering: How it Matters,” Laboratory Animal Science 37 (Jan. 1987, Special No.): 140–144; Rowan Andrew N. , “Animal Anxiety and Animal Suffering,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20 (1988, No. 1-2): 135–142; Ryder Richard , Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research (London: Davis-Poynter, 1975).

Buchanan and Brock , Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 197–99.

Buchanan and Brock , 261–62.

New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988, esp. pp. 15–20.

For an excellent explication of Darwin's views, see Rachels James , Created From Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).

Frey , “Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Speciesism,” Between the Species 4 (No. 3, Summer 1988): 191–201; “Autonomy and the Value of Animal Life,” Monist 70 (Jan. 1987): 50–63; “Animals, Science and Morality,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1990): 22.

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section 9, par. 2 (London: Millar, 1772), pp. 121–22.

Darwin Charles , The Descent of Man; the cited passages arc found in Beauchamp Tom Feinberg Joel and Smith James M. , eds., Philosophy and the Human Condition, 2d edn. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989), pp. 107–110.

Regan , The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), Chaps. 7–9, esp. pp. 236–45; See Regan-Singer, p. 111.

“Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Speciesism,” p. 192.

Ibid. p. 196.

cf. Whitney R. A. Jr. “Animal Care and Use Committees: History and Current National Policies in the United States,” Laboratory Animal Science 37 (Spec. No., Jan. 1987): 18–21.