Cruzan : Facing the Inevitable

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dep't. of Health, 110 S.Ct. 2841 (1990).

Cruzan v. Harmon, 760 S.W.2d 408 (Mo. en banc. 1988), aff'd, Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dep't of Health, 110 S.Ct. 2841 (1990).

See e.g., Brief of the American Medical Association as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners at 20–30, Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dep't. of Health, 110 S.Ct. 2841 (1990) (No. 88-1503).

Id. at 38–46.

Id. at 41.

Id. at 39–42.

See, e.g., Brief for Petitioners, Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dep't. of Health, 110 S.Ct. 2841 (1990) (No. 88-1503). [hereinafter Petitioner's Brief].

Cruzan, 110 S. Ct. at 2855–56.

Id. at 2855. See also Washington v. Harper, 110 S.Ct. 1028 (1990) (recognizing that prisoners possess “a significant liberty interest in avoiding the unwanted administration of antipsychotic drugs under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. at 1036).

W. at 2851 n. 7.

Id. at 2852. See Annas, “Nancy Cruzan and the Right to Die,” 323 N. Eng. J. Med. 670, 670 (1990).

Id. at 2852.

Id.

See Editorial, “Doing Justice to Life,” New York Times, June 27, 1990, at A14, col. 1.

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).

Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925).

Bopp & Coleson , “Webster and the Future of Substantive Due Process,” 28 Duq. L. Rev. 271, 280 (1990).

Id.

Id.

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2852.

Id.

Id.

Id.

Id. at 2856.

Id. at 2852.

Id at 2851–52.

Id.

Id. at 2852.

Id.

Id. at 2854.

Id. at 2852.

Id. at 2853 n. 10.

Id.

Id. at 2853.

70 N.J. 10, 41, 355 A.2d 647, 664, cert. denied sub nom. Garger v. New Jersey, 429 U.S. 922 (1976).

Cruzan, 110 S. Ct. at 2856 n. 12.

Id. at 2870 (Brennan, J., dissenting).

U.S. Const. amend. XIV, 1.

The Declaration of Independence (U.S. 1776).

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2853.

Id. at 2853.

Id. at 2854.

Id.

Id.

Id.

Id.

Id. at 2889 (Stevens, J., dissenting).

Id. at 2853.

Id. at 2854.

Id.

Id.

Id.

Id. at 2855.

Id.

Id.

Id. at 2855–56.

Id. at 2856.

Id.

Id.

Id. at 2854.

Id. at 2852.

Id. at 2854.

Id. at 2852.

Id.

Id.

Id. at 2867 ( Brennan J. , dissenting; joined by Marshall J. , and Blackmun J. ); Id. at 2890 (Stevens, J., dissenting).

Id. at 2857 (O'Connor, J., concurring).

Id. at 2853.

Id. at 2855.

Id. at 2856 n. 12.

Id. at 2853.

See Marzen O'Dowd Crone & Balch , “Suicide: A Constitutional Right?” 24 Duq. L. Rev. 1 (1985) [hereinafter Suicide].

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2859 (Scalia, J., concurring).

Id. at 2857 (O'Connor, J., concurring).

See, e.g., Quinlan, 70 N.J. at 40, 355 A.2d at 663.

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2847–50.

Quinlan, 70 N.J. at 38–42, 355 A.2d at 662–64.

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2851 n. 7.

See, e.g., Quinlan, 70 N.J. at 41–42, 355 A.2d at 664.

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2852.

Quinlan, 70 N.J. at 42, 355 A.2d at 664.

Id. at 51–52, 355 A.2d at 669–70.

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2855–56.

Id. at 2852–54.

Id.

Id. at 2853.

Id. at 2852.

Id. at 2854.

Id. at 2852.

Id. at 2853.

Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 290 (1972) (Brennan, J., concurring).

See, e.g., Mo. Ann. Stat. 459.010 (6) & -.015.3 (Vernon Supp. 1990).

See, e.g., id. 459.010 (3).

Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 63, 3080.3, 3080.4 (West Supp. 1989.

Act of Aug. 2, 1989, ch. 914, 16(1) 1989 Or. Laws 1752, 1756–1757.

42 U.S.C.A. 5101–5117 (Supp. 1989).

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2852–55.

See, e.g., Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1969); Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 94 n. 31 (1971); Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 433 (1979); see also In re Westchester County Medical Center (O'Connor), 72 N.Y.2d 517, 532 n. 4, 534 N.Y.S.2d 886, 893 n.4, 531 N.E.2d 607, 614 n. 4 (1988); In re Peter, 108 N.J. 365, 378, 529 A.2d 419, 425 (1987); Leach v. Akron General Medical Center, 678 Ohio Misc. 1, 11, 426 N.E.2d 809, 815 (1980).

Cruzan v. Harmon, 760 S.W.2d at 417.

Id., citing Wanzer Adelstein Cranford Federman Hook Moertel Safar Stone Taussing & Eys Van , “The Physician's Responsibility Toward Hopelessly Ill Patients, “310 New Eng. J. Med. 955, 957 (1984).

See, e.g., Ark. Stat. Ann. 20-17-214 (Supp. 1989); Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act (approved at annual meeting of the National Conference on Uniform State Laws held August 2–9, 1985).

Cruzan v. Harmon, 760 S.W.2d at 426.

Cruzan, 110 S.Ct. at 2853–54, citing Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118 (1943), Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276 (1966), Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979), Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982).

See Petitioners Brief, supra note 7.

In re Cordes' Estate, 116 S.W.2d 207, 209 (Mo. Ct. App. 1989); Snyder v. United States, 134 F. Supp. 319, 322 (W.D.N.C. 1955).

State ex rel. Standefer v. England, 328 S.W.2d 732, 738 (Mo. Ct. App. 1959); In re Hymes, 102 Misc. 2d 821, 823, 424 N.Y.2d 608, 610 (Sup. Ct. 1979); Mo. Ann. Stat 475.110, 475.120(2)(3) (Supp. 1989); see also 39 Am. Jur.2d Guardian and Ward 62 (1968 & Supp. 1989).

See generally Brakel S. Parry J. & Weiner B. , The Mentally Disabled and the Law 369 (3d ed. 1985) [hereinafter The Mentally Disabled and the Law].

City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432 (1985).

Cf. Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496 (1987).

Petitioners Brief, supra note 7, at 30–33.

See U.S. Supreme Court decisions cited supra note 98.

See Glendon M.A. , Abortion and Divorce in Western Law (1987).

See, e.g., In re Jobes, 108 N.J. 394, 428, 529 A.2d 434, 452 (1987); In re Hamlin, 102 Wash. 2d 810, 821–22, 689 P.2d 1372, 1379 (1984); In re Barber, 147 Cal. App. 3d 1006, 1008, 195 Cal. Rptr. 484, 488 (1983).

Cruzan v. Harmon, 760 S.W.2d at 424.

See Marzen , “The “Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act: A Critical Analysis,” 1 Issues in L. & Med. 441 (1986).

See supra note 100.

See Suicide, supra note 72, at 148–242 (Appendix: The Laws of the United States).

See, e.g., Cal. Civ, Code 2430 to 2444 (West Supp. 1990); Fla. Stat. Ann. 709.08 (West 1988 & West Supp. 1990); 111. Ann. Stat. ch. 110 1/2, paras. 804–1 to-12 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1989); Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 58 1071 to 1077 (West Supp. 1990); Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 14 3451 to 3467 (1989).

See Diamond , “Decision-making Ability and Advance Directive Preferences In Nursing Home Patients and Proxies,” 29 Gerontologist 622 (1989); Zweibel , “Treatment At the End of Life: A Comparison of Decisions By Older Patients And Their Physician-Selected Proxies,” 29 Gerontologist 615 (1989).

Supra note 101.

Act Concerning Living Wills, 1989 Me. Pub. L. ch. 830 (to be codified at Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18A, 5–701 to-714 (1990)).

See, e.g., Ark. Stat. Ann. 20-17-201 – 218 (Supp. 1989).

See Weber , “Substituted Judgment Doctrine: A Critical Analysis,” 1 Issues in L. & Med. 131 (1985).

See The Mentally Disabled and the Law, supra note 107, at 369.