CasselC.K.BrodyJ.A., “Demography, epidemiology, and aging”, in Geriatric Medicine, Second edition, CasselRiesenbergSorensenWalsh eds. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
2.
CasselC.K., “Certification: Another step for geriatric medicine”, JAMA1987;258:1518–1519.
3.
LevineR.J., Ethics and Regulation of Clinical Research, Second Edition. New Haven, Yale Univerisity Press, 1986.
4.
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, “Research Involving Those Institutionalized as Mentally Infirm: Report and Recommendations”.” DHEW Publication No. (os) 78–0006, Appendix, DHEW Publication No. (os) 78–0007, Washington, 1978.
5.
BakerM.T.TaubH.A., “Readability of informed consent forms for research in a Veterans Administration medical center”, JAMA1983;250:2646; GrundnerT.M., “On the readability of surgical consent forms”, N Engl J Med1980;302:900–902; RieckenH.W.RavichR., “Informed consent to biomedical research in Veterans Adminstration Hospitals”, JAMA1982;248:344–348; LoVerdeM.E.ProchazkaA.V.ByynyR.L., “Research consent forms: Continued unreadability and increasing length”, J Gen Intern Med1989;4:410–412.
6.
LoVerde, supra note 5.
7.
MillerR.WillnerH.S., “The two-part consent form: A suggestion for promoting free and informed consent”, N Engl J Med1974;290:964–966.
8.
SchultzA.L.PardeeG.P.EnsinckJ.W., “Are research subjects really informed? (Informed Consent)”, West J Med1975;123:76–80.
9.
CassilethB.R.ZupkisR.V.Sutton-SmithK.. “Informed consent—why are its goals imperfectly realized?”N Engl J Med1980;302:896–900.
10.
Riecken, supra note 5.
11.
TaubH.A.BakerM.T., “A reevaluation of informed consent in the elderly: A method for improving comprehension through direct testing”, Clin Res 1984;32:17–21; StanleyB.GuidoJ.StanleyM., “The elderly patient and informed consent: Empirical findings”, JAMA1984;252:1302–1306.
12.
Taub and Baker, id.
13.
Cassileth, supra note 9.
14.
Stanley, supra note 11.
15.
ZimmerA.W.CalkinsE.HadleyE., “Conducting clinical research in geriatric populations”, Ann Inter Med1985;103:276–283.
16.
RatzanR.M., “Cautiousness, risk, and informed consent in clinical geriatrics”, Clin Res1982;30:345–353.
17.
Zimmer, supra note 15.
18.
FadenR.R.BeauchampT.L., A History and Theoruy of Informed Consent. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986.
19.
VeatchR.M., The Patient as Partner: A Theory of Human Experimentation Ethics. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1987.
20.
Levine, supra note 3
21.
KappM.B., “Medical treatment and the physician's legal duties”, In Geriatric Medicine, Second edition, CasselRiesenbergSorensenWalsh eds. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
22.
RamseyP., The Patient as Person. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1970.
23.
McCormickR.A., “Proxy consent in the experimentation situation”, Perspect Biol Med1974;18:2–20.
24.
VanDeVeerD., “Experimentation on children and proxy consent”, J Med Philosophy1981;6:281–293.
25.
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, “Research Involving Children: Report and Recommendations”.” DHEW Publications No. (OS) 78–0004, Appendix, DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78–0005, Washington, 1977.
26.
UhlmannR.F.PearlmanR.A.CainK.A., “Physicians' and spouses' predictions of elderly patients' resuscitation preferences”, J Gerentology1988;43: M115–121; ZweibelN.R.CasselC.K., “Treatment choices at the end of life: A comparison of decisions by older patients and their physician-selected proxies”, The Gerontologist1989;29:615–621.
27.
WarrenJ.W.SobalJ.TenneyJ.H., “Informed consent by proxy: An issue in research with elderly patients”, N Engl J Med1986;315:1124–1128.
28.
JonasH., “Philosophical reflections on experimenting with human subjects”, In Experimentation with Human Subjects, ed. FreundP.A.. New York, George Braziller, 1969.
29.
Ibid.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Veatch, supra note 18.
32.
CasselC.K., “Research in nursing homes: Ethical issues”, J Am Geriatr Soc1985;33:795–799.
33.
CasselC.K., “Ethical issues in the conduct of research in long term care”, The Gerontologist1988;28 (supl.):90–96.
34.
Veatch, supra note 19.
35.
StanleyB.StanleyM.GuidoJ., “The functional competency of elderly at risk”, The Gerontologist1988;28 (suppl.):53–58.
36.
TymchukA.J.OuslanderJ.G.RahbarB., “Medical decision-making among elderly people in long term care”, The Gerontologist1988;28 (suppl.):59–63; TymchukA.J.OuslanderJ.G.RaderN., “Informing the elderly: A comparison of four methods”, J Am Geriatr Soc1986;34:818–822.
37.
National Commission, supra note 4.
38.
Ibid.
39.
American College of Physicians, “Cognitively impaired subjects (position paper)”, Ann Intern Med1989;111:843–848.
40.
National Commission, supra note 4.
41.
FletcherJ.C.DommelF.W.Jr.CowellD.D., IRB: Rev Human Subjects Res1985;7:1–6.
42.
Cassel, supra note 32.
43.
ACP, supra note 38.
44.
BrodyE.M., “Parent care as a normative family stress”, The Gerontologist1985;25:19–29.
45.
National Academy of Sciences, “The aging population in the twenty-first century: Statistics for health policy”, GilfordD.M., ed. Wahington, D.C., NAS Press, 1988, pp.135–145.
46.
National Commission, supra note 4.
47.
KaneR.A.CaplanA., Eds. Everyday Ethics: Resolving Dilemmas in Nursing Home Life. New York, Springer Publishing, 1989.
48.
CollopyB.J., “Autonomy in long term care: Some crucial distinctions”, The Gerontologist1988;28 (suppl.):10–17.
49.
CasselC.K.JametonA.L., “Dementia in the elderly: An analysis of medical responsibility”, Ann Intern Med1981;94:802–807; HauerwasS., Suffering Presence: Theological Reflections on Medicine, the Mentally Handicapped, and the Church. Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.
50.
HoffmanP.B.MarronK.R.PillitH., “Obtaining informed consent in the teaching nursing home”, J Am Geriatr Soc1983;31:565–569.
51.
RatzanR.M., “The experiment that wasn't: A case report in clinical geriatric research”, The Gerontologist1981;21:297–302.
52.
LipsitzL.A.PluchinoF.C.WrightS.M., “Biomedical research in the nursing home: Methodolgical issues and subject recruitment results”, J Am Geriatr Soc1987;35:629–634.
53.
KayeJ.M.LawtonP.KayeD., “Atttitudes of elderly people about clinical research on aging”, The Gerontologist1990;30:100–106.
54.
Jonas, supra note 28.
55.
Ibid.
56.
Ibid.
57.
EvansD.A.FunkensteinH.H.AlbertM.S., “Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons: Higher than previously reported”, JAMA1989;262:2551–2556.
58.
CallahanD., Setting Limits: Medical Goals in an Aging Society. New York, Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1987.