Fairy Tales Surrogate Mothers Tell

John G. , “Infertile or Childless by Choice? A Multipractice Survey of Women Aged 35 and 50,” British Medical Journal, 294 (1987): 804; Mosher W.D. Pratt W.F. , “Fecundity and Infertility in the United States, 1965–82,” NCHS Advance Data, 104 (Feb. 11, 1985): 1; Mosher , “Reproductive Impairments in the United States, 1965–82,” Demography, 22 (1985): 415; West C.P. , “Age and Infertility,” British Medical Journal, 294 (1987): 853; Menken J. Trussell J. Larsen U. , “Age and Infertility,” Science, 233 (1986): 1389.

There have been fewer than 2,000 IVF births in the U.S. to date, compared with more than 4 million U.S. births annually.

Ephron D. , “In This Year's Movies Baby Knows Best,” New York Times , March 13, 1988, A&L sec., p. 1. See also Kohn A. , “Parenthood Pabulum,” Psychology Today (July/Aug. 1988): 64–65.

Keane N. Breo D. , The Surrogate Mother (New York: Everest House, 1981), 27.

Id.: 29–30. Emphasis added.

Id.: 30. Emphasis added.

Id. 37.

Id.: 79. Emphasis added.

Id.: 82. Emphasis added.

Id.: 53.

Kane E. , Birthmother (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988), 275. And see Chesler P. , “What Is a Mother?,” Ms., May 1988, 26–39.

Aral S. Cates W. , “The Increasing Concern with Infertility: Why Now?,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 250 (1983): 2327.

Barron J. , “Views on Surrogacy Harden After Baby M Ruling,” New York Times, April 2, 1987, Sec. B2, p. 1. Emphasis added.

In the Matter of Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 1234 (N.J. 1988).

Harlow H.F. , “The Nature of Love,” American Psychologist, 13 (1958): 673; Harlow Blazek N.C. McClearn G.E. , “Manipulative Motivation in the Infant Rhesus Monkey,” Journal of Comparative Physiology & Psychology, 14 (1956): 44.

Annas G.J. , “Death Without Dignity for Commercial Surrogacy,” Hastings Center Report, 18, 2 (April/May 1988): 21, 23.

Peterson I. , “Feminists See Unfair Maternal Norm in Baby M Case,” New York Times, March 20, 1987, at 13.

Baby M , supra note 14, at 1241. And see Surrogate Parenting Assoc. v. Kentucky, 704 S.W.2d 209 (Ky. 1986) (dissenting opinion).

Id.

Id.: 1247.

Id.: 1249.

Id.

Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52 (1976).

Murray v. Vandevander, 522 P.2d 302, 304 (Okla. App. 1974).

Annas G. J. , “Baby M: Babies (and Justice) for Sale,” Hastings Center Report, 17, 3 (June 1987): 12, discussing In the Matter of Baby M, 217 N.J. Super. 313, 525 A.2d 1128 (1987).

McPherson J.M. , Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 38.

Id.

Id.: 38–39. For a modern retrospective on how slavery destroyed families, see Toni Morrison's Pulitzer Prize—winning Beloved (New York: Knopf, 1987).

See Radin M.J. , “Market-Inalienability,” Harvard Law Review, 100 (1987): 1849.

Id.: 1930.

Id.: 1931; and see Corea G. , The Mother Machine (New York: Harper Sc Row, 1985), 221–24.

Ms. Kane has since repudiated her role. See Kane , supra note 11.

Geraldo , “The Happy Surrogates,” aired Sept. 29, 1987.

Id.

Baby M , supra note 25.

Baby M , supra note 14, at 1268 (contract clause 13).

Kolder V.E.B. Gallagher J. Parsons M.T. , “Court-Ordered Obstetrical Interventions,” New England Journal of Medicine, 316 (1987): 1192. And see Note, “Maternal Rights and Fetal Wrongs: The Case Against the Criminalization of ‘Fetal Abuse,’” Harvard Law Review, 101 (1988): 994.

In re A.C., 533 A.2d 611 (D.C. App. 1987), vacated 539 A.2d 203 (D.C. App. 1988). And see Annas G.J. , “She's Going to Die: The Case of Angela C.,” Hastings Center Report, 18, 1 (Feb./March 1988): 23–25.

Annas G.J. , “Protecting the Liberty of Pregnant Patients,” New England Journal of Medicine, 316 (1987): 1213; and Annas G.J. , Judging Medicine (Clifton, N.J., 1988), 119–25.

Baby M , supra note 14, at 1254, n. 13. The entire note 13 is irrelevant to the Baby M opinion itself, and is seriously flawed as a matter of constitutional analysis.

Id.: 1244–46. See also Wolf S. , “Enforcing Surrogate Motherhood Agreements: The Trouble with Specific Performance,” NYLS Human Rights Annual, 4 (1987): 375.

Baby M , supra note 14, at 1257–61.

See, e.g., Robertson J. , “Embryos, Families, and Procreative Liberty: The Legal Structure of the New Reproduction,” Southern California Law Review, 59 (1986): 939, 995–1000.

Elias S. Annas G.J. , Reproductive Genetics and the Law (Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1987). On the centrality of birth to motherhood, see Rabuzzi K.A. , Motherself: A Mythic Analysis of Motherhood (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).

Cf. Radin , supra note 29, at 1925–26.

Annas G.J. , “Making Babies Without Sex: The Law and the Profits,” American Journal of Public Health, 74 (1984): 1415, 1417.