AboodR., Pharmacists Challenge Third Party Prescription Programs: A Legal Analysis, Law, Medicine&Health Care10(6): 257–61 (December 1982).
2.
Pharmaceutical Card System, Inc. and PAID Prescriptions are the nation's largest claims processors. PCS includes over 50,000 member pharmacies and processes more than two million claims a month.
3.
See Group Life and Health Ins. Co. v. Royal Drug Co., 440 U.S. 205, 209–10 (1979) (description of typical plan).
4.
AboodR.R.. Report on Third Party Prescription Programs (National Council of State Pharmaceutical Association Executives, Indianapolis, Ind.) (1984) at 1 [hereinafter referred to as NCSPAE Report].
5.
Id.
6.
40 Fed. Reg. 32,302 (1974) codified at 45 C.F.R. § 19.1 et seq.
7.
45 C.F.R. § 19.5.
8.
Id. § 19.3.
9.
502 F. Supp. 1235, 1240–43 (D.C. Md. 1980). See also American Medical Ass'n v. Mathews, 429 F. Supp. 1179, 1194–97 (N.D. Ill. 1977).
10.
See, e.g., Arkansas Pharmacists Ass'n v. Harris, 627 F.2d 867 (8th Cir. 1980).
11.
Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Ass'n v. Pennsylvania Department of Welfare, 542 F. Supp. 1349, 1352 (W.D. Pa. 1982).
Sausalito Pharmacy, Inc. v. Blue Shield of California, 677 F.2d 47 (9th Cir. 1982), cert, denied, 459 U.S. 1016 (1984); Medical Arts Pharmacy v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 675 F.2d 502 (2d Cir. 1982); Feldman v. Health Care Service Corp., 562 F. Supp. 941 (N.D. Ill. 1982); Royal Drug Co., Inc. v. Group Life and Health Ins. Co., 737 F.2d 1433 (5th Cir. 1984), cert, denied, 105 S.Ct. 912 (1985) [hereinafter referred to as Royal Drug].
22.
15 U.S.C. §§ 1011–15 (1982).
23.
440 U.S. 205, 217–30 (1979).
24.
Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc. 433 U.S. 36 (1977).
25.
See cases, supra note 21.
26.
See Royal Drug, supra note 21, 1436–37 (horizontal agreements among competitors to fix prices could constitute a per se violation); Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Soc'y, 457 U.S. 332, 348 (1982); United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150, 223 (1940).
27.
737 F.2d 1433 (5th Cir. 1984).
28.
105 S.Ct. 912 (1985).
29.
See Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcast System, 441 U.S. 1, 16–24 (1979).
30.
New Jersey Attorney General v. New Jersey Pharmaceutical Ass'n, 1981–2 Trade Cas. (CCH) ¶64,376 (N.J. 1981).
31.
The West Virginia Pharmaceutical Association was subpoenaed by the antitrust division. See West Virginia Pharmacist4: 1 (1980). See also New York v. Empire City Pharmaceutical Soc'y, Inc., No. 40789/78 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1978).
32.
In re Michigan State Medical Soc'y, 48 Fed. Reg. 8997 (March 3, 1983) (FTC file #9129).
33.
412 N.E.2d 129 (Ind. 1980).
34.
Id. at 131.
35.
Hinshaw Drug v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield, No. 82-29712CK (Ingham County Cir. Ct., Mich., December 6, 1983). See Michigan Pharmacist, p. 29 (May 1983) (report on filing of suit).
36.
No. 76118 (Mich. App., 1984).
37.
No. 78L-11257 (Cook County Cir. Ct., Ill., 1984).
38.
See Illinois Pharmacists Association Newsletter15: 2 (February 29, 1984).
39.
Grettenberger Pharmacy, Inc. v. Blue Cross-Blue Shield of Michigan, 296 N.W.2d 589 (Mich. 1980).
40.
Ga. Code Ann. § 26-4-140 et seq. (1983).
41.
Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. NCSPAE Report, supra note 4, at 57.
42.
Alabama, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. Id. See, e.g., Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 37-1740 (West 1984).
43.
Alabama, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. NCSPAE Report, supra note 4, at 56–57. See, e.g., Ala Code § 34-23-115 (1984).
44.
29 U.S.C. §§ 1001–1381 (1982).
45.
Id. § 1144(a).
46.
Id. § 1144(b)(2)(A).
47.
103 S.Ct. 2890 (1983) [hereinafter referred to as Shaw).
48.
567 F. Supp. 1258 (N.D. Ala. 1983) [hereinafter referred to as Peacock].
49.
Id. at 1272-75.
50.
Op. Ga. Att'y Gen. (December 29, 1983) (issued to Johnie Caldwell, State Insurance Commissioner).
51.
GMC, International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agriculture Implement Workers of America v. Caldwell, No. C84-331-A (N.D. Ga., February 21 1984).
52.
Op. Okla. Att'y Gen. (February 1, 1984) (issued to David Riggs, State Representative).
53.
Shaw, supra note 47, at 2901 n. 21.
54.
BradenLarry, Executive Director of the Georgia Pharmaceutical Association, estimates that it may cost the Association a few hundred thousand dollars to assist the Georgia Attorney General in defending the Georgia TPPP law.
55.
Weekly Pharmacy Reports: “The Green Sheet”33(9): 2–3 (February 27, 1984).
56.
Klamath-Lake Pharmaceutical Ass'n v. Klamath Medical Serv. Bureau, 701 F.2d 1276,1280-81 (9th Cir. 1983), cert, denied, 104 S.Ct. 88 (1983).
57.
Id. at 1287–88
58.
743 F.2d 1388 (9th Cir. 1984) [hereinafter referred to as DeModena].
59.
15 U.S.C. § 13c. The Nonprofit Institutions Act provides: “Nothing in the [Robinson-Patman Act] shall apply to purchases of supplies for their own use by schools, colleges, universities, public libraries, churches, hospitals, and charitable institutions not operated for profit.”
60.
See Abbott Laboratories v. Portland Retail Druggists Ass'n, 425 U.S. 1 (1976) (discussing the scope of “own use” as applied to nonprofit hospitals reselling prescription drugs) [hereinafter referred to as Abbott Laboratories].
61.
DeModena, supra note 58, at 1393.
62.
Id. at 1390.
63.
Abbott Laboratories, supra note 60, at 14.
64.
FTC Advisory Opinion Letter to SmithIrwin S.M.D., President, HCMA (June 7, 1983).
65.
FTC Advisory Opinion Letter to Robert E. Nord (February 24, 1983).
66.
Some examples include the Michigan Pharmacy Network, the Iowa Pharmacy Network, the Missouri Foundation for Pharmaceutical Care, the Kansas Pharmacy Service Corporation and the Florida Pharmacy Plus System.
