Entrepreneurial Practice for Nurses: An Assessment of the Issues

See, e.g., Md. Ann. Code art. 48A §§470A (optometrists), 490 (podiatrists), 490A (psychologists) (1979); Cal. Health & Safety Code §1373, Cal. Ins. Code §10177 (West Supp. 1983) (nursing).

Source Book of Health Insurance Data 1981–1982 (Health Insurance Association of America, Washington, D.C.) (1982) at 7.

Id.

See Hershey N. , Patient Free Choice: A Relative Concept for the Insured Patient, Insurance Law Journal 553(2): 71–80 (February 1969). See, e.g., Md. Ann. Code art. 48A §§470A, 490 (1979).

Id. §490A.

Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C.A. §§1-7 (1975); Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C.A. §§12-27 (1976).

Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975), reh'g denied, 423 U.S. 886(1976).

Group Health and Life Insurance Co. v. Royal Drug Co., 440 U.S. 205, reh'g denied, 441 U.S. 917 (1979).

Hospital Building Co. v. Trustees of Rex Hosp., 425U.S. 738(1976).

See Virginia Academy of Clinical Psychologists v. Blue Shield of Virginia, 624 F.2d 476 (4th Cir. 1980); Blue Shield of Virginia v. McCready, 102 S.Ct. 2540 (1982) (the right of a subscriber to sue to recover treble damages under the Clayton Act for a Blue Shield plan's alleged violation of the Sherman Act in refusing to reimburse subscriber for services rendered by a clinical psychologist, in a state that had adopted free choice legislation favorable to psychologists, necessitating that the subscriber pay the psychologists out-of-pocket expenses).

See, e.g., Md. Ann. Code art. 48A §354S (1983) (mandated option); Alaska Stat. §21.42.355 (Cum. Supp. 1983) (mandated benefits).

See Heitler, G., Mandated Benefits: Their Social, Economic, and Legal Implications, Law, Medicine & Health Care 11(6): 248 (December 1983).

See, e.g., Insurance Reimbursement for Licensed Certified Nurse-Midwife Services, 40 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§3001-3003 (Supp. 1982, 1983-1984).

Wash. Rev. Code §48.44.290 (Supp. 1983–1984) (this provision exempts HMO contracts from its application).

Md. Ann. Code art. 48A §354S(c) (Cum. Supp. 1981).

Id. §354S(a).

See, e.g., Haire D. , Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy through the Increased Utilization of Midwives, Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 26(1): 5–8 (January 1981); Doyle Wildhalm , Midwifing the Adolescents at Lincoln Hospital's Teenage Clinics, Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 24(4): 27–32 (July/August 1979); Slome C. , Effectiveness of Certified Nurse-Midwives: A Prospective Evaluation Study, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 124: 177–82 (January 15, 1983); Murdaugh A. , Experiences of a New Migrant Health Clinic, Women and Health 1(6): 25–28 (November/December 1976); Meglen M.C. , A Prototype of Health Services for Quality of Life in a Rural County, Bulletin of Nurse-Midwifery 17(4): 103–13 (November 1972); Levy B.S. Wilkinson F.S. Marine W.M. , Reducing Neonatal Mortality Rate with Nurse-Midwives, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 109(1): 51–58 (January 1971).

Slome C. , Effectiveness of Certified Nurse Midwives: A Prospective Evaluation Study, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 124(2): 177, 181, 182 (February 1976).

See American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Nurse-Midwives, Joint Statement of Practice Relationships between Obstetricians and Certified Nurse-Midwives (November 1, 1982).

Ramsey J. , Physicians and Nurse Practitioners: Do They Provide Equivalent Health Care? American Journal of Public Health 72(1): 55 (January 1982); Merenstein J. Rogers K. , Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Early Treatment and Management by Nurse Practitioners, Journal of the American Medical Association 227(11): 1278 (March 18, 1974).

Ramsey , supra note 20, at 56.

Sox N.C. , Quality of Patient Care by Nurse Practitioners and Physician's Assistants: A Ten-Year Perspective, Annals of Internal Medicine 91(3): 459, 466 (September 1979).

Maternity Center Association, Economic Aspects of the Child Bearing Center (Maternity Center Association, New York City) (November 30, 1982).

Fagin C.M. , Nursing as an Alternative to High-Cost Care, American Journal of Nursing 82(1): 56–60 (January 1982); Salkever D.S. , Episode-Based Efficiency Comparisons for Physicians and Nurse Practitioners, Medical Care 20(2): 143 (February 1982).

See Rosenblatt R. Huard B. , The Nurse Practitioner as a Physician Substitute in a Remote Rural Community: A Case Study, Public Health Reports 94(6): 571 (November/December 1979) (describing financial and practical difficulties of independent, entrepreneurial practice of a rural nurse practitioner, serving as a substitute for a physician).