Professional and Agency Liability for Negligence in Child Protection

551 P.2d 389 (Cal. 1976).

Lipari v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 497 F. Supp. 185, 194–95 (D. Neb. 1980).

DeFrancis V. Lucht C. , Child Abuse Legislation in the 1970s (American Humane Ass'n, Denver) (1974) quoted in Besharov D.J. , What Physicians Should Know About Child Abuse Reporting Laws , in Child Abuse and Neglect: A Medical Reference ( Ellerstein N.S. , ed.) (John Wiley & Sons, New York) (1981).

Ark. Stat. Ann. §42-816 (1975); Colo. Rev. Stat. $19-10-104 (4)(b); Iowa Code Ann. §235 A.20 (Supp. 1982); Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. $722.633 (Supp. 1982); N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law tit. 6, §420 (McKinney 1976). An example of statutory language is the Colorado provision: Any person who willfully violates the provisions of subsection (I) of this section: (a) Commits a class 2 petty offense and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed two hundred dollars; (b) Shall be liable for damages proximately caused thereby. Colo. Rev. Stat. §19-10-104 (4).

Landeros v. Flood, supra note 1, at 392.

551 P.2d 334 (Cal. 1976).

403 A.2d 500, 514-15 (N.J. 1979).

141 Cal. Rptr. 92, 95 (Cal. App. 1977).

415 A.2d 625, 630-31 (Md. 1980).

409 So.2d 44 (Fla. 1981).

Id. at 45.

Derrick v. Ontario Community Hospital, 120 Cal. Rptr. 566, 572 (Cal. App. 1975); Jones v. Stanko, 160 N.E. 456, 458 (Ohio 1928).

Skillings v. Allen, 173 N.W. 663, 664 (Minn. 1919); Gill v. Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co., 337 So.2d 420, 421 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1976). See generally Bross D.C. , Legal Aspects of STD Control , Sexually Transmitted Diseases ( Holmes K. , eds.) (McGraw-Hill, New York) (1978).

A.T.L.A. Reporter 24(2): 76 (1981).

Buege v. Iowa, No. 20521 (July 30, 1980); Fischer v. Iowa Department of Social Services, No. C 1664-280 (February 18, 1980).

Petition at Law, Buege v. Iowa, No. 20521, (July 30, 1980).

City of Jacksonville v. Florida First Nat'l Bank, 339 So.2d 632, 634 (Fla. 1976).

Id. at 636 ( Boyd J. , dissenting).

Martin v. County of Weld, 598 P.2d 532, 535 (Colo. 1978).

No. 80-114 (D) (W.D. Va. March 23, 1981).

649 F.2d 134 (2d Cir. 1981).

Bartels v. County of Westchester, 429 N.Y.S.2d 906, 909 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980); Koepf v. York, 251 N.W.2d 866, 871 (Neb. 1977); Vonner v. Louisiana, 273 So.2d 252, 255–56 (La. 1973); Elton v. County of Orange, 84 Cal. Rptr. 27, 29 (Cal. App. 1970).

Gill v. Smith, 382 N.Y.S.2d 626, 627–28 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1976).

In re Adoption of Doe, 444 P.2d 800, 804 (Wash. 1968).

Child v. Beame, 412 F. Supp. 593, 603-05 (S.D.N.Y. 1976).

438 F. Supp. 1179 (1977), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415 (1979).

Griffin v. Pate, 644 P.2d 51 (Colo. 1982).

City of Jacksonville v. Florida First Nat'l Bank, supra note 17, at 633.

Lipari v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., supra note 2, at 195.

435 U.S. 349 (1978).

See Lawyer's Alert 1:6 (1982).

Nelson v. Heyne, 491 F.2d 352, 362 (7th Cir. 1974); Morales v. Turman, 383 F. Supp. 53, 126 (E.D. La. 1974).

Gary W. v. Louisiana, 437 F. Supp. 1209 (E.D. La. 1976).

See Steinberger v. Dist. Ct. in and for the Tenth Dist., 596 P.2d 755 (Colo. 1979).

Spearly J.L. , Caseworker Indictments—A Closer Look , National Child Protection Services Newsletter 3(4): 6 (1981) [hereinafter cited as Caseworker Indictments].

Colo. Rev. Stat. §18-8-405 (1978) states:

[A] public servant commits second degree official misconduct if he knowingly, arbitrarily, and capriciously: (a) Refrains from performing a duty imposed upon him by law or clearly inherent in the nature of his office, or: (b) Violates any statute or lawfully adopted rule or regulation relating to his office.

Second degree official misconduct is a class 1 petty offense.

Steinberger v. Dist. Ct. in and for the Tenth Dist., supra note 34, at 757–58. In the words of the court: Transaction immunity may be simply described as that which precludes prosecution for any transaction or affair about which a witness testifies. Use immunity, by contrast, is a grant with limitations. Rather than barring a subsequent related prosecution, it acts only to suppress, in any such prosecution, the witness' testimony and evidence derived directly or indirectly from that testimony. Id. at 757.

People v. Beruman, 638 P.2d 789, 794 (Colo. 1982).

Casper M.F. Hutchinson E.T. , CPS Indictments in Kentucky and Their Aftermath , National Child Protection Services Newsletter 4:6 (1981).

El Paso Times, September 12, 1980, at 1.

Caseworker Indictments, supra note 35.

Florida v. Groff, supra note 10.

Denver Post, March 10, 1982, at 1, 11.

382 A.2d 880, 892 (Md. 1978), modified, 396 A.2d 1054 (Md. 1979).

396 A.2d at 1078–79.

Colo. Rev. Stat. §19-10-113 (3) (1978) provides that in every child abuse and neglect case filed under this section: The court … shall appoint a guardian ad litem at the first appearance of the case in court. The guardian ad litem shall be provided with all reports relevant to the case made to or by any agency or person pursuant to this article and section 19-3-101 (4) and with reports of any examination of the responsible person made pursuant to this section. The court or the social services worker assigned to the case shall advise the guardian ad litem of significant developments in the case, particularly any further abuse or neglect of the child involved. The guardian ad litem shall be charged in general with the representation of the child's interests. To that end he shall make such further investigations as he deems necessary to ascertain the facts, talk with or observe the child involved, interview witnesses and the foster parents of the child, and examine and cross-examine witnesses in both the adjudicatory and dispositional hearings and may introduce and examine his own witnesses, make recommendations to the court concerning the child's welfare, and participate further in the proceedings to the degree necessary to adequately represent the child.

See Fraser B.G. , Independent Representation of the Abused or Neglected Child: The Guardian ad Litem , California Western Law Review 13(1): 16 (1976).

National Legal Resource Center for Child Advocacy and Protection, American Bar Association. 1800 M Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, (202) 331-2250.

Kempe C.H. Center for Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, National Association of Counsel for Children, 1205 Oneida Street, Denver, CO 80220, (303) 321-3963.

Bross D.C. , Multidisciplinary Teams and Effective Management of Abuse and Neglect , in Protecting Children Through The Legal System (American Bar Ass'n, Washington, D.C.) (1980).

Bross D.C. Munson M.M. , Alternative Models of Legal Representation for Children , Oklahoma City University Law Review 5(2):561 (1980).