American College of Nurse-Midwives, unpublished data (1982) (available from ACNM, 1552 K St., N.W., Suite 1120, Washington, D.C. 20005).
2.
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Report on the Frontier Nursing Service of Hayden, Kentucky (May 9, 1932), as quoted in StewartD., The Five Standards of Safe Child-Bearing (NAPSAC Reproductions, Marble Hill, Mo.) (1981).
3.
FaisonJ.B., Report on the Maternity Center Association Clinic of New York, 1952–1958, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology81(2): 395–402 (1961); see alsoLairdM.D., Report on the Maternity Center Association Clinic of New York, 1931–1951, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology69:178 (1955).
4.
American College of Nurse-Midwives, official definitions (1978).
5.
American College of Nurse-Midwives, unpublished data (1981).
6.
HsiaL., Editorial: 50 Years of Nurse-Midwifery Education: Reflections and Perspectives, Journal of Nurse-Midwifery27(4): 1–3 (July/August 1982) at 1.
7.
Division of Examination, American College of Nurse-Midwives, unpublished survey (1981).
8.
Letter to author, from MeyersPeter H., University of Mississippi, Nurse-Midwifery Education Program (Spring 1981).
9.
KobrinF., The American Midwife Controversy: A Crisis of Professionalization, Bulletin of History of Medicine40(4): 350 (July/August 1966).
10.
American College of Nurse-Midwives, Survey of Legislation Pertaining to the Practice of Nurse-Midwives and Update Tables (1976).
11.
Two jurisdictions that have this apparent conflict are North Dakota and District of Columbia. See Update Tables, supra note 10.
12.
See, e.g., Ga. Code Ann. §88-1402 (requiring nurse-midwives to satisfactorily complete classes prescribed by the state department of human resources and pass an examination before applying for a certificate to practice); Ill Ann. Stat. ch. 91, §5 (requiring 12-month course). Other states with similar regulations are Maine and Vermont.
13.
See, e.g., La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §37-1262 (defining practice of midwifery as attending a woman in childbirth without aid of licensed physician); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §37-1277 (requiring application and examination followed by license issued by state board of medical examiners). Other states that have similar provisions are Minnesota and Texas.
14.
These states are Connecticut and Iowa. See Update Tables, supra note 10.
15.
These states are Alabama and Massachusetts. See Update Tables, supra note 10.
16.
General Accounting Office, Better Management and More Resources Needed to Strengthen Federal Efforts to Improve Pregnancy Outcome (U.S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, D.C.) (1979) at 96.
General Accounting Office, Availability of Nurse-Midwifery Services under Federal Health Care Programs (Washington, D.C.) (June 4, 1982) at 9.
20.
These states are Alaska, Maryland, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Utah.
21.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Nurse-Midwives, Joint Statement of Practice Relationships Between Obstetricians and Certified Nurse-Midwives (November 1, 1982).
22.
VarneyH., Nurse-Midwifery (Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, England) (1980) at 5.
23.
American College of Nurse-Midwives, unpublished data (1982).
24.
Nurse-Midwifery Associates v. Hibbett, No. 82-3208 (M.D. Tenn. filed March 3, 1982). The judge recently denied a motion to dismiss portions of the Nashville suit involving State Volunteer Mutual Insurance Co., where three Nashville hospitals denied privileges to a private nurse-midwifery practice and the physician-owned malpractice insurance company refused to renew the collaborating physician's insurance.
25.
See, e.g., LevyB.S.WilkinsonF.S.MarineW.M., Reducing Neonatal Mortality Rate with Nurse-Midwives, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology109(1): 51–58 (January 1971); MeglenM.C., A Prototype of Health Services for Quality of Life in a Rural County, Bulletin of Nurse-Midwifery17(4): 103–13 (November 1972); SlomeC., Effectiveness of Certified Nurse-Midwives: A Prospective Evaluation Study, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology124:177–82 (January 15, 1976); MurdaughA., Experiences of a New Migrant Health Clinic, Women and Health1(6): 25–28 (November/December 1976); HaireD., Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy through the Increased Utilization of Midwives, Journal of Nurse-Midwifery26(1): 5–8 (January/February 1981); DoyleWidhalm, Midwifing the Adolescents at Lincoln Hospital's Teenage Clinics. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery24(4): 27–32 (July/August 1979).
26.
LevyB.S.WilkinsonF.S.MarineW.M., Reducing Neonatal Mortality Rate with Nurse-Midwives, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology109(1): 51–58 (January 1, 1971).
27.
Id. at 55.
28.
The Five Standards of Childbearing, supra note 2, at 115.
29.
HaireD., Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy through the Increased Utilization of Midwives, Journal of Nurse-Midwifery26(1): 5–8 (January/February 1981).
30.
DoyleWidhalm, Midwifing the Adolescents at Lincoln Hospital, Journal of Nurse-Midwifery24(4): 27–32 (July/August 1979).
31.
SlomeC., Effectiveness of Certified Nurse-Midwives: A Prospective Evaluation Study, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology124:177–82 (January 15, 1976).
32.
Id. at 182.
33.
Nurse-Midwifery: Consumers' Freedom of Choice: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Oversight and Investigations, of the House Comm. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 96th Cong., 2nd Sess. (December 18, 1980) at 90 (testimony of C.A. Miller) [hereinafter referred to as Nurse-Midwifery Hearings].
34.
Id. at 89–93 (testimony of MillerC.A.), 145-47 (testimony of Judith Rooks).
35.
Id. at 72–77 (testimony of LubicE.). ReidM.L.MorrisJ.B., Perinatal Care and Cost Effectiveness: Changes in Health Expenditures and Birth Outcome Following the Establishment of Nurse-Midwifery Program, Medical Care17(5): 491–500 (May 1979) [hereinafter referred to as Reid & Morris]. See alsoFaison, supra note 3.
36.
BishopB., A Guide to Assessing Parental Capabilities, American Journal of Nursing76(11): 1784 (November 1976); KlausM.H.KennellJ.H., Mothers Separated from their Newborn Infants, Pediatric Clinics of North America17(4): 1015 (November 1970).
37.
ReidMorris, supra note 35.
38.
See Nurse-Midwifery Hearings, supra note 33, at 74–77 (LubicR.).
39.
LazarusW., Report to the Federal Trade Commission: Competition among Health Practitioners: The Influence of the Medical Profession on the Health Manpower Market; Volume II: The Childbearing Center Case Study (February 1981) at 41–42.
