This article presents findings from an investigation of businesses owned and managed by African American families in the Los Angeles area. Its dual purposes are to identify salient characteristics and to explore commonly held assumptions about African American family businesses and their owner-managers. Several widely held beliefs about African American family businesses were not supported.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Babbie, E. R.Survey Research Methods. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1973.
2.
Barnes, L. B., and Hershon, S. A.“Transferring Power in the Family Business.”Harvard Business Review, April 1976, pp. 105–114.
3.
Berenbeim, R. E.“Family Business is Big Business.”Across the Board, December 1987, pp. 20–30.
4.
Billingsley, A.Black Families in White America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.
5.
Brimmer, A.“Small Business and Economic Development in the Negro Community.” In R. W. Bailey (ed.), Black Business Enterprises: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Basic Books, 1971.
6.
Brokaw, L.“Family Business: Putting the House in Order.”Inc., March 1991, pp. 102–104.
7.
Butler, J. S.Entrepreneurship and Self-Help Among Black Americans: A Reconsideration of Race and Economics. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
8.
Cimons, M.“Creation of Family Firms Gets Harder.”Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1988, pp. 1, 22, 24.
9.
Cole, W.“Staying in the Black.”Venture, 1987, pp. 44–46, 48, 50.
10.
Davis, J. A., and Tagiuri, R.“The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Family Business.” Working paper, Harvard Business School, 1982.
11.
Dingle, D.“Passing Down the Family Business.”Black Enterprise, June 1984, pp. 172–178.
12.
Dyer, W. G., Jr.“Managing Change in the Family Firm—Issues and Strategies.”Sloan Management Review, 1983, 24, 59–65.
13.
Edelman, R.“When Little Sister Means Business.”Working Woman, February 1990, pp. 84–85.
14.
Franklin, J. H.“A Historical Note on Black Families.” In H. P. McAdoo (ed.), Black Families. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1988.
15.
Fuller, C.“Living off the Land.”Black Enterprise, November 1982, pp. 49–54.
16.
Gite, L.“Like Mother, Like Daughter.”Black Enterprise, August 1991, pp. 93–94, 96.
17.
Hackman, J., and Oldham, G.“Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey.”Journal of Applied Psychology, February 1975, 60, 171–181.
18.
Herbert, J. I.Black Male Entrepreneurs and Adult Development. New York: Praeger, 1989.
19.
Herbert, J. I., and Astrachan, J. H.“A Dialogue with Earl Graves and Earl G. Graves, Jr.”Family Business Review, Fall 1990, 3 (3), 271–284.
20.
Herzberg, F.Work and the Nature of Man. Cleveland, Ohio: World Publishing, 1971.
21.
Jefferson, D. J.“Black Entrepreneurship: The Generation Gap.”Wall Street Journal, April 3, 1992, p. R19.
22.
Jones, R. L.Black Psychology. Berkeley, Calif.: Cobb & Henry, 1991.
23.
Kepner, E.“The Family and the Firm: A Coevolutionary Perspective.”Organizational Dynamics, 1983, 12 (1), 57–70.
24.
Lansberg, I.“Managing Human Resources in Family Firms: The Problem of Institutional Overlap.”Organizational Dynamics, 1983, 12 (1), 39–46.
25.
Lansberg, I.“The Succession Conspiracy.”Family Business Review, 1988, 1 (2), 119–143.
26.
Lee, P.“Recession Strikes Minority Businesses with Extra Fury.”Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1992, pp. A22, A24–A25.
27.
Lincoln, C. E.“Foreword.” In G. S. Wilmore, Black Religion and Black Radicalism. New York: Anchor Books, 1973.
28.
McAdoo, H.“Transgenerational Patterns of Upward Mobility in African American Families.” In H. P. McAdoo (ed.), Black Families. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1988.
29.
McCoy, F.“Johnson Products Company Regroups After Family Row.”Black Enterprise, May 1992, p. 17.
30.
McDermott, K.“Ink in Their Veins.”Dun and Bradstreet Reports, May/June 1990, pp. 20–23, 46.
31.
Malveaux, J.“The Economic Statuses of Black Families.” In H. P. McAdoo (ed.), Black Families. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1988.
Schwartz, M. A., and Barnes, L. B.“Outside Boards and Family Business: Another Look.”Family Business Review, Fall 1991, 4 (3), 269–285.
34.
Shapero, A.“The Displaced, Uncomfortable Entrepreneur.”Psychology Today, June 1975, pp. 83–88, 133.
35.
Thompson, K.“Married … with Business.”Black Enterprise, April 1990, pp. 49–50, 52, 54.
36.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1987 Economic Censuses: Survey of Minority—Owned Business Enterprises—Black. Publication No. MB87–1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.
37.
Washington, B. T.Up from Slavery. New York: Bantam Books, 1963.
38.
Whigham, M.“Twenty Years of Black Enterprise: A Portrait of Earl G. Graves, Ltd.”Black Enterprise, August 1990, pp. 63–71.
39.
Whittingham, B.“The Family That Saves Together.”Black Enterprise, October 1990, pp. 54–64.
40.
Wilmore, G.Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Examination of the Black Experience in Religion. New York: Doubleday, 1972.
41.
Woodson, R. L.“A Legacy of Entrepreneurship.” In R. W. Woodson (ed.), On the Road to Economic Freedom. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1987.