This paper develops a typology of four different models of discipline that operate in the workplace. These models are derived from a systematic analysis of the literature using a framework developed by criminologists for examining crime and criminal justice systems. The analysis focuses on each model's views of human nature, social order, rule creation, crime and deviance, disciplinary procedure and philosophy of sanctioning. The analysis highlights the important role played by organizational structure in shaping disciplinary form. The implications of the typology are discussed for current debates about the character of an all-pervasive societal discipline. It is concluded that current unitary visions of such discipline as ‘instrumental’ should be modified in the light of the pluralism implied by the typological analysis.
Instead of being a homogeneous expanse of dense growth extending thousands of miles, as it appears from the air, the jungle is actually a composite of as many as 200 different kinds of forests packed tightly together. Each forest is composed of its own species of trees and plants. These forest types are primarily based on soil types or drainage types, which actually influence the type of soil. Once you get away from that perception of all green, then you can see a diversity of habitats right there in the jungle. (The Washington Post, March 22, 1985)
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbelR., 1982a, The Politics of Informal Justice2 vols., London and New York, Academic Press.
2.
AbelR., 1982b, ‘A socialist approach to risk,’Maryland Law Review, 41, pp. 695–754.
3.
ACAS (Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service)1977, Disciplinary Practice and Procedures in Employment, London, HMSO.
4.
AndermanS., 1972, Voluntary Dismissals Procedure and the Industrial Relations Act, London, PEP.
5.
AshdownR.BakerK., 1973, In Working Order: A Study of Industrial Discipline, Dept. of Employment, London, HMSO.
6.
BowerJ.ClarkeA., 1981, ‘Unfair dismissal and managerial prerogative,’Industrial Law Journal, 10, pp. 34–44.
7.
BravermanH., 1974, Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York, Monthly Review.
8.
BurawoyM., 1979, Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
9.
CohenR.L., 1985, ‘Procedural justice and participation,’Human Relations, 38, pp. 643–63.
10.
CohenS., 1979, ‘The punitive city: Notes on the dispersal of social control,’Contemporary Crisis, 3, pp. 339–64.
11.
CollinsH., 1982, ‘Capitalist discipline and corporatist law,’Industrial Law Journal, 11, pp. 78–93, 170–7.
12.
DaltonM., 1959, Men Who Manage, New York, John Wiley.
13.
DanielW.StilgoeE., 1978, The Impact of Employment Protection Laws, London, Policy Studies Institute.
14.
DawsonS., 1969, Disciplinary and Dismissals Practice and Procedures, Mimeo, Government Social Survey.
15.
DickensL., 1979, ‘The government's working papers on employment protection legislation,’Industrial Law Journal 8, pp. 246–8.
16.
DickensL., 1981, ‘Re-employment of unfairly dismissed workers: The lost remedy,’Industrial Law Journal, 10, pp. 160–75.
17.
DickensL., 1985, Dismissal: A Study of Unfair Dismissal and The Industrial Tribunal System, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
18.
DittonJ., 1977a, Part-Time Crime: An Ethnography of Fiddling and Pilferage, London, Macmillan.
19.
DittonJ., 1977b, ‘Perks, pilferage and the fiddle: The historical structure of invisible wages’Theory and Society4, pp. 39–71.
20.
EdwardsP.ScullionH., 1982a, ‘Deviancy theory and industrial praxis: A study of discipline and social control in an industrial setting’Sociology, 16, pp. 322–40.
21.
EdwardsP.ScullionH., 1982b, The Social Organization of Industrial Conflict: Control and Resistance in the Workplace, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
22.
EdwardsR., 1979, Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century, New York, Basic Books.
23.
FitzpatrickP., 1984, ‘Law and societies,’Osgood Hall Law Journal, 22, pp. 115–38.
24.
FolgerR., 1977, ‘Distributive and procedural justice: Combined impact of “voice” and improvement on experienced inequity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, pp. 108–19.
25.
FolgerR., 1979, ‘Effects of “voice” and peer opinions on responses to inequity,’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, pp. 2253–61.
26.
FoucaultM., 1977, Discipline and Punish, Harmondsworth, Allen Lane.
27.
GalanterM., 1981, ‘Justice in many rooms: Courts, private ordering and indigenous law,’Journal of Legal Pluralism, 19, pp. 1–47.
28.
GausG.ChapmanJ., 1978, ‘Anarchism and political philosophy: An introduction’ in PennockJ. R.ChapmanJ. W. (eds.), Anarchism, New York, New York University Press.
29.
GodwinW., 1946, Political Justice, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
30.
GouldnerA., 1954, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, New York, Free Press.
31.
GreenbergJ.FolgerR., 1983, ‘Procedural justice, participation and the fair process effect in groups and organizations,’ in PaulusP. B. (ed.), Basic Group Processes, New York, Springer-Verlag.
32.
GriffithsJ., 1981, ‘What is legal pluralism?’Mimeo paper presented to Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association, Amherst, June 12–14.
33.
HenryS., 1978, The Hidden Economy, Oxford, Martin Robertson.
34.
HenryS., (ed.), 1981, Informal Institutions, New York, St Martin's Press.
35.
HenryS., 1982, ‘Factory law: The changing disciplinary technology of industrial social control,’International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 10, pp. 365–84.
36.
HenryS., 1983, Private Justice: Towards Integrated Theorising in The Sociology of Law, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
37.
HenryS., 1985, ‘Community justice, capitalist society and human agency: The dialectics of collective law in the co-operative,’Law and Society Review, 19, pp. 301–25.
38.
HenryS., 1986, Private justice and the policing of labor: The dialectics of industrial discipline’ in ShearingC.StenningP. (eds.), Private Policing, Beverley Hills, Sage Publications.
39.
HenryS.MarsG., 1978, ‘Crime at work: The social construction of amateur property theft,’Sociology12, pp. 245–63.
40.
HoglerR., 1982, ‘Employee discipline and due process rights: Is there an appropriate remedy?’Labor Law Journal, December, pp. 783–97.
41.
HollingerR.ClarkJ., 1982, ‘Formal and informal social controls of employee deviance,’Sociological Quarterly, 23, pp. 333–43.
42.
HollingerR.ClarkJ., 1983, Theft by Employees, Lexington, Lexington Books.
43.
HorningD., 1970, ‘Blue collar theft: Conceptions of property. Attitudes toward pilfering and work group norms in a “Modern Plant”’ in SmigelE.RossH. (eds.), Crimes Against Bureaucracy, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 46–64.
44.
HubermanJ., 1964, ‘Discipline without punishment,’Harvard Business Review, 42, pp. 62–8.
45.
IPM (Institute of Personnel Management), 1979, Disciplinary Procedures and Practice, London, Institute of Personnel Management.
46.
JonesD., 1961, Arbitration and Industrial Discipline, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan.
47.
KamenkaE.TayA., 1975, ‘Beyond bourgeois individualism: The contemporary crisis in law and legal ideology,’ in KamenkaE.NealeR. S. (eds.), Feudalism Capitalism and Beyond, London, Edward Arnold.
48.
KamenkaE.TayA., 1978, ‘Socialism, anarchism and law,’ in KamenkaE.BrownR.TayA. (eds.), in Law and Society: The Crisis in Legal Ideals, London, Edward Arnold.
49.
KingM., 1981, The Framework of Criminal Justice, London, Croom Helm.
50.
KinseyR., 1979, ‘Despotism and legality,’ in FineB., Capitalism and the Rule of Law, London, Hutchinson, pp. 46–64.
51.
LeaJ., 1979, ‘Discipline and capitalist development’ in FineB., (eds.), Capitalism and the Rule of Law, London, Hutchinson, pp. 76–89.
52.
MarsG., 1973, ‘Hotel pilferage: A case study on occupational theft’ in WarnerM. (ed.), The Sociology of the Workplace, London, Allen & Unwin, pp. 200–10.
53.
MarsG., 1974, ‘Dock pilferage’ in RockP.McIntoshM. (eds.), Deviance and Social Control, London, Tavistock, pp. 209–28.
54.
MarsG., 1982, Cheats at Work: An Anthropology of Workplace Crime, London, Allen & Unwin.
55.
MarsG.NicodM., 1981, ‘Hidden rewards at work: The implications from a study of British hotels’ in HenryS. (ed.), Informal Institutions, New York, St Martin's Press, pp. 58–72.
56.
MarsG.NicodM., 1984, World of Waiters, London, Allen and Unwin.
57.
MartinJ., 1962, Offenders as Employees, London, Macmillan.
58.
MathiesenT., 1980, ‘The future of social control systems – The case of Norway’International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 8, pp. 149 ff.
59.
MellishM.Collis-SquiresN., 1976, ‘Legal and social norms in discipline and dismissal, Industrial Law Journal, 5, pp. 164–77.
60.
MelossiD., 1979, ‘Institutions of social control and the capitalist organisation of work’ in FineB., (eds.), Capitalism and the Rule of Law, London, Hutchinson, pp. 90–9.
61.
MelvilleK., 1972, Communes in the Counterculture, New York, William Masson.
62.
NJAC (National Joint Advisory Council), 1967, Dismissal Procedures: Report of a Committee, London, HMSO.
63.
NewmanR., 1985, ‘A life sentence to unemployment: Unfair dismissal in Northern Ireland,’Journal of Law and Society, 12, pp. 183–97.
64.
OwenR., 1927, New View of Society – Essays on the formation of character, New York, J. M. Dent.
65.
PackerH., 1969, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
66.
PhelpsO., 1959, Discipline and Discharge in the Unionized Firm, Los Angeles, University of California Press.
67.
PlumridgeM., 1964, Disciplinary Practice in Industry, Manchester, University of Manchester, unpublished PhD thesis.
PospisilL., 1971, Anthropology of Law, New York, Harper & Row.
70.
ProudhonP., 1876, What is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government, New York, H. Fertig.
71.
RennerK., 1949, The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions, Kahn-FreundO., (ed.), London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
72.
RitterA., 1978, ‘The anarchist justification of authority,’ in PennockJ.R.ChapmanJ.W. (eds.), Anarchism, New York, New York University Press.
73.
RitterA., 1980, Anarchism, a Theoretical Analysis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
74.
RitzerG., 1975, Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science, Boston, Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
75.
RitzerG., 1981, Towards an Integrated Sociological Paradigm, Boston, Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
76.
RosnerM., 1973, ‘Direct democracy in the kibbutz’ in KanterR. (ed.), Communes: Creating and Managing the Collective Life, New York, Harper.
77.
Rothschild-WhittJ., 1979, ‘The collectivist organization: An alternative to rational bureaucratic models,’American Sociological Review, 44, pp. 509–27.
78.
SantosB., 1984, ‘On modes of production of social power and law,’Working Paper of Institution of Legal Studies of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
79.
SchwartzR., 1954, ‘Social factors in the development of legal control: A case of two Israeli settlements,’Yale Law Journal, 63, pp. 471–91.
80.
SchwartzR., 1957, ‘Democracy and collectivism in the kibbutz,’Social Problems, 5, pp. 137–47.
81.
ScratonP.SouthN., 1981, ‘Capitalist discipline, private justice and the hidden economy,’Occasional Papers No. 2, Enfield, Middlesex Polytechnic.
82.
ScratonP.SouthN., 1984, ‘The ideological construction of the hidden economy: Private justice and work related crime,’Contemporary Crisis, 8, pp. 1–18.
83.
ShapiroA., 1976, ‘Law in the kibbutz: A reappraisal,’Law and Society Review, 10, pp. 415–38.
84.
SharanN., 1961, ‘A study of the working of disciplinary procedures in a number of business concerns,’Manchester: University of Manchester, Institute of Science and Technology, unpublished PhD thesis.
85.
ShearingC.StenningP., 1981, ‘Private security: Its growth and implications.’ in TonryM.MorrisN. (eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research vol 3, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
86.
ShearingC.StenningP., 1983, ‘Private security: Implications for social control,’Social Problems, 30, pp. 493–506.
87.
ShearingC.StenningP., 1985, ‘From the panopticon to Disney World: The development of discipline’ in DoobA.GreenspanE. (eds.), Perspectives in Criminal Law: Essays in Honour of John LI. J. Edwards, Aurora, Ontario, Canada Law Book Co.
88.
SimpsonR.L., 1985, ‘Social control of occupations and work,’Annual Review of Sociology, 11, pp. 415–36.
89.
SouthN., 1983, ‘The corruption of commercial justice: The case of the private security sector,’ in ClarkeM. (ed.), Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Control, London, Frances Pinter, pp. 39–57.
90.
SouthN., 1984, ‘Private security, the division of policing labor and the commercial compromise of the state,’ in SpitzerS.ScullA. (eds.), Research in Law, Deviance and Social Controlvol 6, pp. 172–98.
91.
StenningP.ShearingC., 1979, ‘Private security and private justice,’British Journal of Law and Society, 6, pp. 261–71.
92.
StoreyJ., 1980, The Challenge to Management Control, London, Kogan Page.
93.
StoreyJ., 1983, Managerial Prerogatives and the Question of Control, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
94.
TaylorM., 1982, Community, Anarchy and Liberty, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
95.
ThibautJ.WalkerL., 1975, Procedural Justice, Hillsdale, New Jersey, Erlbaum.
96.
ThompsonE., 1968, The Making of the English Working Class, Harmondsworth, Penguin.
97.
UngerR., 1975, Knowledge and Politics, New York, Free Press.
98.
UngerR., 1976, Law in Modern Society, New York, Free Press.
99.
UnterbergerI.UnterbergerS., 1978, ‘Disciplining professional employees,’Industrial Relations, 17, October, pp. 353–9.
100.
VoidG., 1958, Theoretical Criminology, New York, Oxford University Press.
101.
WeberM., 1946, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, Translated by GerthH.MillsC. W., New York, Oxford University Press.
102.
WedderburnK.DavisP., 1969, Employment Grievances and Disputes Procedure in Britain, Berkeley, University of California.
103.
WeisbrodC., 1980, The Boundaries of Utopia, New York, Pantheon.
104.
WieckD., 1978, ‘Anarchist Justice’ in PennockJ. R.ChapmanJ. W. (eds.), Anarchism, New York, New York University Press.
105.
WoodcockG., 1977, The Anarchist Reader, London, Fontana.
106.
YoungJ.1981, ‘Thinking seriously about crime: Some models of criminology in M. Fitzgerald, Crime and Society, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 248–309.
