The effects of psychoactive drugs are not just a function of their pharmacological actions, but are due to complex interactions among pharmacological, psychological, and environmental factors. We discuss here how drug-environment interactions determine the likelihood that addictive drugs produce a persistent form of neurobehavioral plasticity (sensitization) thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of addiction and relapse.
AnagnostarasS.G.RobinsonT.E. (1996). Sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine: Modulation by associative learning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 1397–1414.
2.
FalkJ.L.FeingoldD.A. (1987). Environmental and cultural factors in the behavioral action of drugs. In MeltzerH.Y. (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: The third generation of progress (pp. 1503–1510). New York: Raven Press.
3.
ShalevU.GrimmJ.W.ShahamY. (2002). Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: A review. Pharmacological Reviews, 54, 1–42.
4.
StewartJ.BadianiA. (1993). Tolerance and sensitization to the behavioral effects of drugs. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 289–312.
5.
BadianiA.BrowmanK.E.RobinsonT.E. (1995). Influence of novel versus home environments on sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and amphetamine. Brain Research, 674(2), 291–298.
6.
BadianiA.MoranoM.I.AkilH.RobinsonT.E. (1995). Circulating adrenal hormones are not necessary for the development of sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine. Brain Research, 673(1), 13–24.
7.
BadianiA.OatesM.M.DayH.E.WatsonS.J.AkilH.RobinsonT.E. (1998). Amphetamine-induced behavior, dopamine release, and c-fos mRNA expression: Modulation by environmental novelty. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 10579–10593.
8.
BadianiA.OatesM.M.RobinsonT.E. (2000). Modulation of morphine sensitization in the rat by contextual stimuli. Psychopharmacology, 151(2–3), 273–282.
9.
BrowmanK.E.BadianiA.RobinsonT.E. (1998). The influence of environment on the induction of sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of intravenous cocaine in rats is dose-dependent. Psychopharmacology, 137(1), 90–98.
10.
CrombagH.S.BadianiA.ChanJ.Dell'OrcoJ.DineenS.P.RobinsonT.E. (2001). The ability of environmental context to facilitate psychomotor sensitization to amphetamine can be dissociated from its effect on acute drug responsiveness and on conditioned responding. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 680–690.
11.
CrombagH.S.BadianiA.MarenS.RobinsonT.E. (2000). The role of contextual versus discrete drug-associated cues in promoting the induction of psychomotor sensitization to intravenous amphetamine. Behavioural Brain Research, 116, 1–22.
12.
CrombagH.S.BadianiA.RobinsonT.E. (1996). Signalled versus unsignalled intravenous amphetamine: Large differences in the acute psychomotor response and sensitization. Brain Research, 722(1–2), 227–231.
13.
CrombagH.S.GrimmJ.W.ShahamY. (2002). Effect of dopamine receptor antagonists on renewal of cocaine seeking by reexposure to drug-associated contextual cues. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, 1006–1015.
14.
CrombagH.S.ShahamY. (2002). Renewal of drug seeking by contextual cues after prolonged extinction in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 116(1), 169–173.
15.
KelleherR.T.MorseW.H. (1968). Determinants of the specificity of behavioral effects of drugs. Ergebnisse der Physiologie, 60, 1–56.
16.
PaoloneG.BurdinoR.BadianiA. (2003). Dissociation in the modulatory effects of environmental novelty on the locomotor, analgesic, and eating response to acute and repeated morphine in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 166(2), 146–155.
17.
RobinsonT.E.BerridgeK.B. (2003). Addiction. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 25–53.
18.
UslanerJ.BadianiA.DayH.E.WatsonS.J.AkilH.RobinsonT.E. (2001). Environmental context modulates the ability of cocaine and amphetamine to induce c-fos mRNA expression in the neocortex, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens. Brain Research, 920(1–2), 106–116.
