The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group.Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med1995; 333:1581–7.
2.
HackeWKasteMFieschiC. , for the ECASS-study group. Safety and efficacy of i.v. thrombolysis with a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of acute hemispheric stroke. JAMA1995; 274:1017–25.
3.
HackeWKasteMFieschiC. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with i.v. alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian acute stroke study investigators. Lancet1998; 352:1245–51.
4.
ClarkWMWissmanSAlbersGWJhamandasJHMaddenKPHamiltonS. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase thrombolysis for acute non interventional therapy in ischemic stroke. JAMA1999; 282:2019–26.
5.
HackeWDonnanGFieschiC. , ATLANTIS Trials Investigators. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet2004; 363:768–74.
6.
WahlgrenNAhmedNDávalosA. SITS-MOST investigators Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet2007; 369:275–82.
7.
HackeWKasteMBluhmkiE. , for the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) investigators. Alteplase compared with placebo within 3 to 4·5 hours for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med2008; 359:1317–29.
8.
WahlgrenNAhmedNDavalosA. , SITS investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3–4·5 h after acute ischaemic stroke (SITS-ISTR): an observational study. Lancet2008; 372:1303–9.
9.
The IST-3 collaborative group.The benefits and harms of i.v. thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet2012; 379:2352–63.
10.
EmbersonJLeesKRLydenP. , for the Stroke Thrombolysis Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet2014; 384:1929–35.
11.
del ZoppoGJHigashidaRTFurlanAJPessinMSRowleyHAGentM. PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant prourokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. Stroke1998; 29:4–11.
12.
FurlanAHigashidaRWechslerL. Intraarterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA1999; 282:2003–11.
13.
OgawaAMoriEMinematsuK. , for the MELT Japan Study Group. Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: the Middle cerebral artery Embolism Local fibrinolytic intervention Trial (MELT) Japan. Stroke2007; 38:2633–9.
14.
SaverJL. Intra-Arterial fibrinolysis for acute ischemic stroke. The message of Melt. Stroke2007; 38:2627–8.
15.
SmithWSSungGStarkmanS. , MERCI Trial Investigators. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke2005; 36:1432–8.
16.
SmithWSSungGSaverJ. , Multi MERCI Investigators. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke2008; 39:1205–12.
17.
The Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators.The Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke2009; 40:2761–8.
18.
SaverJLJahanRLevyEI. , SWIFT Trialists. Solitaire flow restoration device versus the Merci Retriever in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (SWIFT): a randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet2012; 380:1241–9.
19.
NogueiraRGLutsepHLGuptaR. , TREVO 2 Trialists. Trevo versus Merci retrievers for thrombectomy revascularisation of large vessel occlusions in acute ischaemic stroke (TREVO 2): a randomised trial. Lancet2012; 380:1231–40. [published correction appears in Lancet 2012;380:1230].
20.
CicconeAValvassoriLNichelattiM. , for the SYNTHESIS Expansion Investigators. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. New Eng J Med2013; 368:904–13.
21.
BroderickJPPaleschYYDemchukAM. , for the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III Investigators. Endovascular therapy after I.v. t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. New Eng J Med2013; 368:893–903.
22.
KidwellCSJahanRGornbeinJ. , for the MR RESCUE Investigators. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med2013; 368:914–23.
23.
MolinaCA. Futile recanalization in mechanical embolectomy trials: a call to improve selection of patients for revascularization. Stroke2010; 41:842–3.
24.
Erratum in N Engl J Med2015;372: 394.
25.
GoyalMDemchukAMMenonBK. , for the ESCAPE Trial Investigators. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med2015; 372:1019–30.
26.
CampbellBCVMitchellPJKleinigTJ. , for the EXTEND-IA Investigators. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med2015; 372:1009–18.
27.
SaverJLGoyalMBonafeA. , for the SWIFT PRIME Investigators. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med2015; 372:2285–95.
28.
JovinTGChamorroACoboE. , for the REVASCAT Trial Investigators. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic strome. N Engl J Med2015; 372:2296–306.
29.
MokinMKass-HoutTKass-HoutO. I.v. thrombolysis and endovascular therapy for acute Ischemic stroke with internal carotid artery occlusion: a systematic review of clinical outcomes. Stroke2012; 43:2362–8.
30.
KappelhofMMarqueringHABerkhemerOAMajoieCBJ. Intraarterial treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke and internal carotid artery occlusion: a literature review. J Neurointerv Surg2015; 7:8–15.
31.
KumarGShahripourRBAlexandrovAV. Recanalization of acute basilar artery occlusion improves outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg2014. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011418; [Epub ahead of print].
32.
SchonewilleWJWijmanCACMichelP. , on behalf of the BASICS study group. Treatment and outcomes of acute basilar artery occlusion in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS): a prospective registry study. Lancet Neurol2009; 8:724–30.
33.
van der HoevenEJSchonewilleWJVosJA. , for the BASICS Study Group. The Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials2013; 14:200.
34.
NedeltchevKSchweglerBHaefeliT. Outcome of stroke with mild or rapidly improving symptoms. Stroke2007; 389:2531–5.
35.
SteffenhagenNHillMDPoppeAYBuchanAMCouttsSB. Should you thrombolyse all or any stroke patients with baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Scores ≤5?Cerebrovasc Dis2009; 28:201–2.
36.
FinkJNKumarSHorkanC. The stroke patient who woke up. Clinical and radiological features, including diffusion and perfusion MRI. Stroke2002; 33:988–93.
37.
EbingerMScheitzJFKufnerAEndresMFiebachJBNolteCH. MRI-based i.v. thrombolysis in stroke patients with unknown time of symptom onset. Eur J Neurol2012; 19:348–50.
38.
PetkovaMRodrigoSLamyC. MR imaging helps predict time from symptom onset in patients with acute stroke: implications for patients with unknown onset time. Radiology2010; 257:782–92.
39.
ManawaduDBodlaSKeepJJaroszJKalraL. An observational study of thrombolysis outcomes in wake-up ischemic stroke patients. Stroke2013; 44:427–31.
40.
SelimMKumarSFinkJSchlaungGCaplanLRLinfanteI. Seizure at stroke onset: should it be an absolute contraindication to thrombolysis?Cerebrovasc Dis2002; 14:54–7.
41.
SylajaPNDzialowskiIKrolARoyJFedericoPDemchukAM. Calgary Stroke Program. Role of CT angiography in thrombolysis decision-making for patients with presumed seizure at stroke onset. Stroke2006; 37:915–7.
42.
De ReuckJVanheeFVan MaeleGClaeysI. Magnetic resonance imaging after seizures in patients with an ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis2007; 23:339–43.
43.
MishraNKAhmedNDavalosA. , for the SITS and VISTA collaborators. Thrombolysis outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients with prior stroke and diabetes mellitus. Neurology2011; 77:1866–72.
44.
KarlinskiMKobayashiAMikulikR. I.v. alteplase in ischemic stroke patients not fully adhering to the current drug license in Central and Eastern Europe. Int J Stroke2012; 7:615–22.
45.
AlhazzaaMSharmaMBlacquiereDStottsGHoganMDowlatshahiD. Thrombolysis despite recent stroke: a case series. Stroke2013; 44:1736–8.
46.
MazyaMVLeesKRMarkusR. , for the SITS investigators. Safety of intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients treated with warfarin. Ann Neurol2013; 74:266–74.
47.
CappellariMBoviP. I.v. thrombolysis for stroke in patients taking novel oral anticoagulants: a 2014 update. Thromb Haemost2015; 114:440–4.
48.
SteinerTBohmMDichgansM. Recommendations for the emergency management of complications associated with the new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Clin Res Cardiol2013; 102:399–412.
49.
HankeyGJNorrvingBHackeWSteinerT. Management of acute stroke in patients taking novel oral anticoagulants. Int J Stroke2014; 9:627–32.
50.
MatuteMCMasjuanJEgidoJA. Safety and outcomes following thrombolytic treatment in stroke patients who had received prior treatment with Anticoagulants. Cerebrovasc Dis2012; 33:231–9.
51.
InzitariDArbaFPiccardiBPoggesiA. Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke after thrombolysis; in MicieliGAmanteaD (eds): Rational Basis for Clinical Translation in Stroke Therapy. Clinical Needs: Diagnosis and Brain Imaging Techniques, Frontiers in Neurotherapeutics Series. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2015:165–88.
52.
MeretojaAPutaalaJTatlisumakT. Off-label thrombolysis is not associated with poor outcome in patients with stroke. Stroke2010; 41:1450–8.
NeilWOvbiageleB. Intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients with intracranial neoplasms: two cases and a literature review. Case Rep Med2011; 2011:503758. Article ID 503758, 3 pages.
55.
EdwardsNJHoomanKJosephsonSA. The safety of i.v. thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients with pre-existing cerebral aneurysms. A case series and review of the literature. Stroke2012; 43:412–6.
56.
KatzBSFlemmingKD. Successful IV thrombolysis followed by mechanical thrombectomy in a patient with cerebral ischemia and a dural AV fistula. Am J Emerg Med2013; 31:637.
57.
SumnerCJGoldenJAHemphillJC3rd. Should thrombolysis be contraindicated in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations?Crit Care Med2002; 30:2359–62.
58.
CroninCAWeismanCJLlinasRH. Stroke treatment. Beyond the three hour window and in the pregnant patient. Ann N Y Acad Sci2008; 1142:159–78.
59.
Mantoan RitterLSchülerAGangopadhyayR. Successful thrombolysis of stroke with intravenous alteplase in the third trimester of pregnancy. J Neurol2014; 261:632–4.
60.
DemchukAM. Yes I.v. thrombolysis should be administered in pregnancy when other clinical and imaging factors are favorable. Stroke2013; 44:864–5.
61.
TassiRAcampaMMarottaG. Systemic thrombolysis for stroke in pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med2013; 31:448.e1–3.
62.
WeinTHHickenbottomSLMorgensternLBDemchukAMGrottaJC. Safety of tissue plasminogen activator for acute stroke in menstruating women. Stroke2002; 33:2506–8.
63.
BreuerLBlinzlerCHuttnerHBKiphuthICSchwabSKöhrmannM. Off-label thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: rate, clinical outcome and safety are influenced by the definition of ‘minor stroke’. Cerebrovasc Dis2011; 32:177–85.
64.
ZinkstokSMVergouwenMDIEngelterST. Safety and Functional Outcome of Thrombolysis in Dissection-Related Ischemic Stroke. A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data. Stroke2011; 42:2515–20.
65.
HeldnerMRZublerCMattleHP. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score and vessel occlusion in 2152 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke2013; 44:1153–7.
66.
CoorayCFeketeKMikulikRLeesKRWahlgrenNAhmedN. Threshold for NIH stroke scale in predicting vessel occlusion and functional outcome after stroke thrombolysis. Int J Stroke2015; 10:822–9.
67.
MeyersPSchumacherHCHigashidaRT. Indications for the performance of intracranial endovascular neurointerventional procedures. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. J Neurointervent Surg2010; 2:177–88.
68.
MoeyAWKoblarSAChryssidisSRobinsonMJannesJ. Endovascular therapy after stroke in a patient treated with dabigatran. Med J Aust2012; 196:469–71.
69.
MüllerPTopakianRSonnbergerbM. Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke patients anticoagulated with dabigatran. Clin Neurol Neurosurg2013; 115:2257–9.
70.
MehtaSDababnehHHussainMMoussaviMKirmaniJF. Endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke patient on factor Xa inhibitor. J Vasc Interv Neurol2014; 14:5–7.
71.
KimuraSOgataTFukaeJ. Revascularization for acute ischemic stroke is safe for rivaroxaban users. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis2014; 23:e427–31.