Using morphological and mechanical criteria and applying a method involving paired samples that is widely employed in epidemiology, we obtained an excellent prediction of the mechanical behavior of the calf pericardium used in the construction of cardiac bioprostheses. The method of selection employed in this study may be a highly useful tool for guaranteeing the mechanical resistance of calf pericardium, with a very low level of error.
1. Shoen, F.J., Fernandez, J., Gonzalez, J. and Cernaianu, A.1987. "Causes of Failure and Pathologic Findings in Surgically Removed Ionescu-Shiley Standard Bovine Pericardial Heart Valve Bioprostheses: Emphasis on Progressive Structural Deterioration,"Circulation, 76:618-627.
2.
2. Wheatley, D.J., Fisher, J., Reece, I.J., Spyt, T. and Brenze, P.1987. "Primary Tissue Failure in Pericardial Heart Valves,"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 94:367-374.
3.
3. Trowbridge, E.A., Lawford, P.V., Crofts, E.C. and Keeith, R.M.1988. "Pericardial Heterografts: Why Do Valves Fail?"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 95:577-585.
4.
4. Bortolotti, U., Milano, A. and Mazzucco, A.1988. "The Hancock Pericardial Xenograft: Incidence of Early Mechanical Failures at a Medium-Term Follow-Up,"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 2:458-464.
5.
5. Bloomfield, P., Wheathy, D.J., Prescott, R.J. and Miller, D.C.1991. "Twelve-year Comparison of a Bjork-Shiley Mechanical Heart Valve with Porcine Bioprostheses,"N. Engl. J. Med., 324:573-579.
6.
6. Grukemeier, G.L., Jamieson, W.R.E., Miller, D.C. and Starr, A.1994. "Actuarial versus Actual Risk of Porcine Structural Valve Deterioration,"J. Cardiovasc. Surg., 108:709-718.
7.
7. Tyers, G.F.O., Jamieson, W.R., Munro, I.A., Germann, E., Burr, L.H., Miyagishima, R.T. and Ling, H.1995. "Reoperation in Biological and Mechanical Valve Populations: Fate of the Reoperative Patient,"Ann. Thorac. Surg., 60:S464-S449.
8.
8. Kent, P.D., Tazelaar, H.D., Edwards, W.D. and Orszulak, T.A.1998. "Temporal Changes in the Surgical Pathology of Prosthetic Aortic Valves: A Study of 157 Cases Spanning 26 Years (1970-1995),"Cardiovasc. Pathol., 7:9-23.
9.
9. Cannegieter, S.C., Rosendaal, F.R. and Briet, E.1994. "Thromboembolic and Bleeding Complications in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Prostheses,"Circulation, 89:635-641.
10.
10. Vongpatanasin, W., Hillis, L.D. and Lange, R.A.1996. "Medical Progress: Prosthetic Heart Valves,"N. Engl. J. Med., 335:407-416.
11.
11. Hariza, F., Papoulin, G., Barrat-Boyes, B., Christe, G. and Whitlock, R.1996. "Tears in Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Leaflets without Calcific Degeneration,"J. Heart Valve Dis., 5:35-39.
12.
12. Jorge-Herrero, E., Fernandez, P., Gutierrez, M. and Castillo-Olivares, J.L.1991. "Study of Calcification of Bovine Pericardium: Analysis of the Implication of Lipids and Proteoglycans,"Biomaterials, 12:683-689.
13.
13. Levy, R.J.1994. "Glutaraldehyde and the Calcification Mechanism of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves,"J. Heart Valve Dis., 3:101-103.
14.
14. Sacks, M., Choung, C.J. and More, R.1994. "Collagen Fiber Architecture of Bovine Pericardium,"A.S.A.I.O. J., 40:M632-M637.
15.
15. Christie, C.W. and Medland, I.C.1982. "A Non-Linear, Finite Element, Stress Analysis of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves,"Finite Element in Biomechanics, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
16.
16. Barbenel, J.C., Zioupos, P. and Fisher, J.1989. "The Anisotropy of Bovine Pericardium,"Blood Flow in Artificial Organs and Cardiovascular Prostheses. Oxford: Oxford Science Publ., Clarendon Press.
17.
17. Zioupos, P., Barbenel, J.C. and Fisher, J.1994. "Anisotropic Elasticity and Strength of Glutaraldehyde Fixed Pericardium for Use in Pericardial Bioprosthetic Valves,"J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 28:49-57.
18.
18. Zioupos, P. and Barbenel, J.C.1994. "Mechanics of Native Bovine Pericardium. I. The Multiangular Behaviour of Strength and Stiffness of the Tissue,"Biomaterials, 15:366-373.
19.
19. Zioupos, P. and Barbenel, J.C.1994. "Mechanics of Native Bovine Pericardium. II. A Structure Based Model for Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour of the Tissue,"Biomaterials, 15:374-382.
20.
20. Braile, D.M., Soares, M.J.F., Souza, D.R.S. and Ramirez, D.A.1998. "Mapping of Bovine Pericardium: Physical and Histopathologic Test,"J. Heart Valve Dis., 7:202-206.
21.
21. Hiester, E.D. and Sacks, M.S.1998. "Optimal Bovine Pericardial Tissue Selection Sites. I. Fiber Architecture and Tissue Thickness Measurements,"J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39:207-214.
22.
22. Hiester, E.D. and Sacks, M.S.1998. "Optimal Bovine Pericardial Tissue Selection Sites. II. Cartographic Analysis,"J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39:215-221.
23.
23. Talman, E.A. and Boughner, D.R.1996. "Internal Shear Properties of Fresh Porcine Aortic Valve Cusps: Implications for Normal Valve Function,"J. Heart Valve Dis., 5:152-159.
24.
24. Timoschenko, S.1970. "Placas y Envolventes Delgadas,"Resistencia de Materiales, vol. 2. Madrid: Espasa Calpe (Spanish translation of Strength of Materials).
25.
25. Trowbridge, E.A.1989. "Mechanical Characteristics of Pericardial Tissue and Their Relevance to Bioprosthetic Design,"Crit. Rev. Biocomp., 5:105-172.
26.
26. Mausner, J. and Kramer, S.1985. Epidemiology—An Introductory Text. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
28. Carrera, A., Garcia Paez, J.M., Jorge-Herrero, E., Millan, I., Navidad, R., Garcia-Sestafe, J.V., Candela, I. and Castillo-Olivares, J.L.1993. "Behaviour of Bovine Pericardium Used in Cardiac Bioprostheses When Subjected to Real Fatigue Assay,"Biomaterials, 14:76-79.
