Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)

Abstract

Other experts who contributed to parts of the guidelines: Edmond Walma, Schoonhoven (The Netherlands), Tony Fitzgerald, Dublin (Ireland), Marie Therese Cooney, Dublin (Ireland), Alexandra Dudina, Dublin (Ireland) European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG):, Alec Vahanian (Chairperson) (France), John Camm (UK), Raffaele De Caterina (Italy), Veronica Dean (France), Kenneth Dickstein (Norway), Christian Funck-Brentano (France), Gerasimos Filippatos (Greece), Irene Hellemans (The Netherlands), Steen Dalby Kristensen (Denmark), Keith McGregor (France), Udo Sechtem (Germany), Sigmund Silber (Germany), Michal Tendera (Poland), Petr Widimsky (Czech Republic), José Luis Zamorano (Spain)

Document reviewers: Irene Hellemans (CPG Review Coordinator) (The Netherlands), Attila Altiner (Germany), Enzo Bonora (Italy), Paul N. Durrington (UK), Robert Fagard (Belgium), Simona Giampaoli(Italy), Harry Hemingway (UK), Jan Hakansson (Sweden), Sverre Erik Kjeldsen (Norway), Mogens Lytken Larsen (Denmark), Giuseppe Mancia (Italy), Athanasios J. Manolis (Greece), Kristina Orth-Gomer (Sweden), Terje Pedersen (Norway), Mike Rayner (UK), Lars Ryden (Sweden), Mario Sammut (Malta), Neil Schneiderman (USA), Anton F. Stalenhoef (The Netherlands), Lale Tokgözoglu (Turkey), Olov Wiklund (Sweden), Antonis Zampelas (Greece)

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Pyorala

De Backer

Graham

Poole-Wilson

Wood

Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology, European Atherosclerosis Society and the European Society of Hypertension. Atherosclerosis 1994; 110: 121–161.

Wood

De Backer

Faergeman

Graham

Mancia

Pyorala

Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1434–1503.

3 De Backer

Ambrosioni

Borch-Johnsen

Brotons

Cifkova

Dallongeville

Ebrahim

Faergeman

Graham

Mancia

Manger Cats

Orth-Gomér

Perk

Pyörälä

Rodicio

Sans

Sansoy

Sechtem

Silber

Thomsen

Wood

; Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of eight societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 2003; 10(Suppl 1): S1–S78.

Mancia

de Backer

Dominiczak

Cifkova

Fagard

Germano

Grassi

Heagerty

Kjeldsen

Laurent

Narkiewicz

Ruilope

Rynkiewicz

Schmieder

Struiijker

Boudier HAJ

Zanchetti

European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–1187.

5 Rydeén

Standl

Bartnik

Van den Berghe

Betteridge

de Boer

Cosentino

Joänsson

Laakso

Malmberg

Priori

Ostergren

Tuomilehto

Thrainsdottir

Vanhorebeek

Stramba-Badiale

Lindgren

Qiao

Priori

Blanc

Budaj

Camm

Dean

Deckers

Dickstein

Lekakis

McGregor

Metra

Morais

Osterspey

Tamargo

Zamorano

Deckers

Bertrand

Charbonnel

Erdmann

Ferrannini

Flyvbjerg

Gohlke

Juanatey

Graham

Monteiro

Parhofer

Pyäoräalaä

Raz

Schernthaner

Volpe

Wood

, Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007; 28:88–136.

Petersen

Peto

Rayner

Leal

Luengo-Fernéndez

Gray

European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics: 2005 edition London: British Heart Foundation; 2005.

Leal

Luengo-Fernaéndez

Gray

Petersen

Rayner

Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged European Union. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1610–1619.

Kesteloot

Sans

Kromhout

Dynamics of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in Western and Eastern Europe between 1970 and 2000. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 107–113.

Tunstall-Pedoe

Kulaasma

Mahonen

Tolonen

Ruokokoski

Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10 year results from 37 WHO MONICA project populations. Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1999; 353: 1547–1557.

10.

Vartiainen

Puska

Pekkanen

Tuomilehto

Jousilahti

Changes in risk factors explain changes in mortality from ischemic heart disease in Finland. BMJ 1994; 309: 23–27.

11.

12 Pyoäraälaä

Lehto

De Bacquer

De Sutter

Sans

Keil

Wood

De Backer

; EUROASPIRE I Group; EUROASPIRE II Group. Risk factor management in diabetic and non-diabetic coronary heart disease patients. Findings from Euroaspire I and II surveys. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1257–1265.

12.

Levy

Larson

Vasan

Kannel

KKL.

The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 1996; 275: 1557–1562.

13.

Filipovic

Goldacre

Roberts

Yeates

Duncan

Cook-Mozaffari

Trends in mortality and hospital admission rates for abdominal aortic aneurysm in England and Wales, 1979-99. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 968–975.

14.

15 MASS: Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group. The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1531–1539.

15.

Kroger

Stang

Kondratieva

Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease–results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study. Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 21: 279–285.

16.

Price

Mowbray

Lee

Rumley

Lowe

Fowkes

FG.

Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery Study. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 344–353.

17.

Hirsch

Haskal

Hertzer

Bakal

Creager

Halperin

Hiratzka

Murphy

Olin

Puschett

Rosenfield

Sacks

Stanley

Taylor

White

Antman

Smith

Adams

Anderson

Faxon

Fuster

Gibbons

Hunt

Jacobs

Nishimura

Ornato

Page

Riegel

American Association for Vascular Surgery; Society for Vascular Surgery; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology; Society of Interventional Radiology; ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; Vascular Disease Foundation. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation 2006; 113: e463–e654.

18.

19 Bhatt

Steg

Ohman

Hirsch

Ikeda

Mas

Goto

Liau

Richard

Roäther

Wilson

; REACH Registry Investigators. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2006; 295: 180–189.

19.

20 Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 7–22.

20.

Henke

Blackburn

Proctor

Stevens

Mukherjee

Rajagopalin

Upchurch

Stanley

Eagle

KA.

Patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass to treat atherosclerotic vascular disease are underprescribed cardioprotective medication: effect on graft patency, limb salvage, and mortality. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39:357–365.

21.

Adams

Bendixen

Kappelle

Biller

Long

Gordon

Marsh

EE.

Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial: TOAST: Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke 1993; 24: 35–41.

22.

23 European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee. European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for Stroke Management. Update 2003. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16: 311–337.

23.

24 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) www.who.int/tobacco/framework/. Geneva: WHO.

24.

25 Commission of the European Communities. Green paper. Promoting healthy diets and physical activity: a European dimension for the prevention of overweight, obesity and chronic diseases. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 14: COM 637.

25.

26 WHO. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Geneva: WHO; 2004.

26.

Clark

Hartling

Vandermeer

McAlister

FA.

Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 659–672.

27.

Mc Alister

Lawson

FME

Teo

Arsmtrogg

PW.

Randomised trials of secondary prevention programmes in coronary heart disease: systematic review. BMJ 2001; 323: 957–962.

28.

Sackett

Richardson

Rosenberg

Haynes

Evidence Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.

29.

McColl

Smith

White

Field

General practitioner's perceptions of the route to evidence based medicine: a questionnaire survey. BMJ 1998; 316: 361–365.

30.

Woolf

Grol

Hutchinson

Eccles

Grimshaw

Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ 1999; 318: 527–530.

31.

Grol

Dalhuijsen

Thomas

Veld

Rutten

Mokkink

Attributes of clinical guidelines that influence use of guidelines in general practice: observational study. BMJ 1998; 317: 858–861.

32.

33 GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328: 1490–1497.

33.

Davey-Smith

Egger

Who benefits from medical interventions? BMJ 1994; 308: 72–74.

34.

Egger

Schneider

Davey

Smith G.

Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 1998; 316: 140–144.

35.

Hopper

Ness

Higgins

Moore

Ebrahim

GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 1557.

36.

Smeeth

Haines

Ebrahim

Numbers needed to treat derived from meta-analyses–sometimes informative, usually misleading. BMJ 1999; 318: 548–551.

37.

38 EUROASPIRE I and II Group; European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. Clinical reality of coronary prevention programmes: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I & II in 9 countries. EUROAS-PIRE I & II Group. European Action on Secondary prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. Lancet 2001; 357: 995–1001.

38.

39 EUROASPIRE Study Group: European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. EUROASPIRE. A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: principal results. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1569–1582.

39.

Rose

The strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease. BMJ 1981; 282: 1847–1851.

40.

Anderson

Wilson

Odell

Kannel

WB.

An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation 1991; 83: 356–362.

41.

42 Conroy

Pyörälä

Fitzgerald

Sans

Menotti

De Backer

De Bacquer

Ducimetière

Jousilahti

Keil

Njølstad

Oganov

Thomsen

Tunstall-Pedoe

Tverdal

Wedel

Whincup

Wilhelmsen

Graham

; SCORE project group. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:987–1003.

42.

Vartiainen

Jousilahti

Alfthan

Sundvall

Pietinen

Puska

Cardiovascular risk factor changes in Finland I 1972-1997. Int J Epidemiol 2000; 29: 49–56.

43.

Linden

Stossel

Maurice

Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 745–752.

44.

Dusseldorp

van Elderen

Maes

Meulman

Kraaij

A meta-analysis of psychoeduational programs for coronary heart disease patients. Health Psychol 1999; 18: 506–519.

45.

Blumenthal

Sherwood

Babyak

Watkins

Waugh

Georgiades

Bacon

Hayano

Coleman

Hinderliter

Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293: 1626–1634.

46.

47 US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/smokingconsequences/. Washington, DC; 2004.

47.

Law

Morris

Wald

NJ.

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. BMJ 1997; 315: 973–980.

48.

49 US Department of Health and Human Services The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1990.

49.

McEwen

Hajek

McRobbic

West

Manual of Smoking Cessation. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers; 2006.

50.

Barth

Bengel

Smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: risk reduction and an evaluation of the efficacy of interventions. In: Jordan

Barde

Zeiher

eds. Contributions Toward Evidence-based Psychocardiology–A Systematic Review of the Literature. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007. p 83–105.

51.

Poirier

Giles

Bray

Hong

Stern

Pi-Sunyer

Eckel

RH.

Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2006; 113: 898–918.

52.

Wajchenberg

Subcutanuous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2000; 21: 697–738.

53.

Carr

Brunzell

JD.

Abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome: importance of type 2 diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidemia in coronary artery disease risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2601–2607.

54.

Despres

Moorjani

Lupien

Tremblay

Nadeau

Bouchard

Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoprotein, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 497–511.

55.

Larsson

Svardsudd

Welin

Wilhelmsen

Bjorntorp

Tibblin

Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. BMJ 1984; 288: 1401–1411.

56.

Folsom

Kushi

Anderson

Mink

Olson

Hong

C-P

Sellers

Lazovich

Prineas

RJ.

Associations of general and abdominal obesity with multiple health outcomes in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2117–2128.

57.

58 World Health Organization Consultation of Obesity. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: Divison of Non-communicable Diseases, Programme of Nutrition, Family and Reproductive Health, WHO; 1998.

58.

59 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initative Expert Panel. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Obes Res 1998; 6: 51S–209S.

59.

Vikram

Pandey

Misra

Sharma

Devi

Khanna

Non-obese (body mass index 25 kg/m2) Asian Indians with normal waist circumference have high cardiovascular risk. Nutrition 2003; 19: 503–509.

60.

Chowdbury

Sjostrom

Alpsten

Kostanty

Kvist

Lofgren

A multicompartment body composition technique based on computerized tomography. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994; 18: 219–234.

61.

Ross

Leger

Morris

de Guise

Guardo

Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: relationship with anthropometric variables. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 787–795.

62.

Tornaghi

Raiteri

Pozzato

Rispoli

Bramani

Cipolat

Craveri

Anthropometric or ultrasonic measurements in assessment of visceral fat? A comparative study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994; 18: 771–775.

63.

Armellini

Zamboni

Rigo

Todesco

Bergamo-Andreis

Procacci

Bosello

The contribution of sonography to the measurement of intraabdominal fat. J Clin Ultrasound 1990; 18: 563–567.

64.

Pouliot

Despres

Lemieux

Moorjani

Bouchard

Tremblay

Nadeau

Lupien

PJ.

Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 460–468.

65.

Petersson

Daryani

Riserus

Sagittal abdominal diameter as a marker of inflammation and insulin resistance among immigrant women from the Middle East and native Swedish women: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2007; 6: 10.

66.

Kvist

Chowdhury

Grangard

Tylen

Sjostrom

Total and visceral adipose-tissue volumes derived from measurements with computed tomography in adult men and women: predictive equations. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48: 1351–1361.

67.

Martinez-Gonzalez

Martinez

Gibney

Kearney

Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 1192–1201.

68.

Rejeski

Brawley

Ambrosius

Brubaker

Focht

Foy

Fox

LD.

Older adults with chronic disease: benefits of group-mediated counseling in the promotion of physically active lifestyles. Health Physiol 2003; 22: 414–423.

69.

Carlson

Norman

Feltz

Franklin

Johnson

Locke

SK.

Self-efficacy, psychosocial factors, and exercise behavior in traditional versus modified cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehab 2001; 21: 363–373.

70.

Klein

Burke

Bray

Blair

Allison

Pi-Sunyer

Hong

Eckel

RH.

Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2004; 110: 2952–2967.

71.

Howard

Van Horn

Hsia

Manson

Stefanick

Wassertheil-Smoller

Kuller

LaCroix

Langer

Lasser

Lewis

Limacher

Margolis

Mysiw

Ockene

Parker

Perri

Phillips

Prentice

Robbins

Rossouw

Sarto

Schatz

Snetselaar

Stevens

Tinker

Trevisan

Vitolins

Anderson

Assaf

Bassford

Beresford

Black

Brunner

Brzyski

Caan

Chlebowski

Gass

Granek

Greenland

Hays

Heber

Heiss

Hendrix

Hubell

Johnson

Kotehen

JM.

Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006; 295:655–666.

72.

Nordmann

Briel

Keller

Yancy

Jr Brehm

Bucher

HC.

Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 285–293.

73.

Shaw

O'Rourke

Del Mar

Kenardy

Psychological Interventions for Overweight or Obesity (Cochrane Review). Oxford: Update Software; 2005.

74.

Wing

Tate

Gorin

Raynor

Fava

JL.

A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1563–1571.

75.

Rosengren

Wilhelmsen

Physical activity protects against coronary death and deaths from all causes in middle aged men. Evidence from a 20 year follow up of primary prevention study in Goteburg. Ann Epidemiol 1997; 7: 69–67.

76.

Paffenbarger

Hyde

Wing

Lee

Jung

Kampret

JB.

The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality amoung men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 538–545.

77.

Franco

De Laet

Peeters

Jonker

Mackenbach

Nusselder

Effects of physical activity on life expectancy with cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 2355–2360.

78.

Taylor

Brown

Ebrahim

Jolliffe

Noorani

Rees

Skidmore

Stone

Thompson

Oldridge

Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004; 116: 682–692.

79.

Vanhees

Lefevre

Philippaerts

Martens

Huygens

Troosters

Beunen

How to assess physical activity? How to assess physical fitness. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 2005; 12: 102–114.

80.

81 Borjesson

Assanelli

Carré

Dugmore

Panhuyzen-Goedkoop

Seiler

Senden

Solberg

; ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology. Position Paper ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology: recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 2006; 13: 137–149.

81.

Kannel

Paffenbarger

Cupples

LA.

Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–1494.

82.

Diaz

Bourassa

Guertin

Tardiff

Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 967–974.

83.

Levine

Rest heart rate and life expectancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1104–1106.

84.

Beere

Glagov

Zarins

Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science 1984; 226: 180–182.

85.

Shaper

Wannamethee

Macfarlane

Walker

Heart rate, ischaemic heart disease and sudden death in middle-aged British men. Br Heart J 1993; 70: 49–55.

86.

Freemantle

Cleland

Young

Mason

Harrison

β Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ 1999; 318: 1730–1737.

87.

Brophy

Joseph

Rouleau

β-Blockers in congestive heart failure: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 550–560.

88.

Kjekshus

Importance of heart rate in determining beta-blocker efficacy in acute and long-term acute myocardial infarction intervention trials. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 43F–49F.

89.

Tardif

Ford

Tendera

Bourassa

Fox

Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective I(f) inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2529–2536.

90.

Kannel

Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment. JAMA 1996; 275: 1571–1576.

91.

Walker

Neaton

Cutler

Neuwirth

Cohen

JD.

Renal function change in hypertensive members of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Racial and treatment effects. The MRFIT Research Group. JAMA 1992; 268: 3085–3091.

92.

Assmann

Schulte

The Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study: prevalence of hyperlipidemia in persons with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus and the relationship to coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 1713–1724.

93.

MacMahon

Peto

Cutler

Collins

Sorlie

Neaton

Abbott

Godwin

Dyer

Stamler

Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765–774.

94.

Skoog

Lernfelt

Landahl

Palmertz

Andreasson

Nilsson

Persson

Odén

Svanborg

15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 347: 1141–1145.

95.

Lewington

Clarke

Qizilbash

Peto

Collins

Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903–1913.

96.

Vasan

Larson

Leip

Kannel

Levy

Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1682–1686.

97.

Collins

Peto

MacMahon

Hebert

Fiebach

Eberlein

Godwin

Qizilbash

Taylor

Hennekens

CH.

Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2. Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827–838.

98.

Staessen

Gasowski

Wang

Thijs

Den

Hond E

Boissel

Coope

Ekbom

Gueyffier

Liu

Kerlikowske

Pocock

Fagard

RH.

Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2000; 355: 865–872.

99.

100 Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527–1535.

100.

101

Collins

MacMahon

Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risk of stroke and of coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull 1994; 50: 272–298.

101.

102

Zhang

Attia

D'Este

XY.

The relationship between higher blood pressure and ischemic, haemorrhagic stroke among Chinese and Caucasians: meta-analyisis. Eur J Cardiovacular Prev Rehab 2006; 13: 429–437.

102.

103 PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033–1041.

103.

104 Fox K, EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362: 782–788.

104.

105 Nissen

Tuzcu

Schoenhagen

Brown

Ganz

Vogel

Crowe

Howard

Cooper

Brodie

Grines

DeMaria

; REVERSAL Investigators. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:1071–1080.

105.

106 HOPE: Heart Outcomes Prevntion Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and micro-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253–259.

106.

107

Schrier

Estacio

Esler

Mehler

Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and stroke. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1086–1097.

107.

108

Atkins

Briganti

Lewis

Hunsicker

Braden

Champion de

Crespigny PJ

DeFerrari

Drury

Locatelli

Wiegmann

Lewis

EJ.

Proteinuria reduction and progression to renal failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overt nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45: 281–287.

108.

109 ACE Inhibitors in Diabetic Nephropathy Trialist Group. Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ann Interm Med 2001; 134: 370–379.

109.

110

Casas

Chua

Loukogeorgakis

Vallance

Smeeth

Hingorani

Mac

Alister RJ.

Effects of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2005; 366: 2026–2033.

110.

111

Otten

Pitzi

Helliwig J

Meyers

LD.

The Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.

111.

112

Sacks

Svetkey

Vollmer

Appel

Bray

Harsha

Obarzanek

Conlin

Miller

III Simons-Morton

Karanja

Liu

PH.

Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3–10.

112.

113 Dahlöf

Devereux

Kjeldsen

Julius

Beevers

de Faire

Fyhrquist

Ibsen

Kristiansson

Lederballe-Pedersen

Lindholm

Nieminen

Omvik

Oparil

Wedel

; LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003.

113.

114

Lindholm

Carlberg

Samuelsson

Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet 2005; 366: 1545–1553.

114.

115 Dahlöf

Sever

Poulter

Wedel

Beevers

Caulfield

Collins

Kjeldsen

Kristinsson

McInnes

Mehlsen

Nieminen

O'Brien

Ostergren

ASCOT Investigators Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendoflu-methiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895–906.

115.

116

Bradley

Wiysonge

Volmink

Mayosi

Opie

LH.

How strong is the evidence for use of beta-blockers a first line therpay for hypertension? Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 2131–2141.

116.

117

Bonet

Agusti

Amau

Vidal

Diogene

Galve

Laporte

JR.

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in heart failure: benefits of vasodilating and non-vasodilating agents according to patients' characteristics: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 621–627.

117.

118

Heidenreich

McDonald

Hastie

Fadel

Hagan

Lee

Hlatky

MA.

Meta-analysis of trials comparing beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina. JAMA 1999; 281: 1927–1936.

118.

119

Sharma

Pischon

Hardt

Kunz

Luft

FC.

Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis. Hypertension 2001; 37: 250–254.

119.

120

Mancia

Grassi

Zancheti

New-onset diabetes and antihyperten-sive drugs. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 3–10.

120.

121 Lindholm

Ibsen

Borch-Johnsen

Olsen

Wachtell

Dahloöf

Devereux

Beevers

de Faire

Fyhrquist

Julius

Kjeldsen

Kristianson

Lederballe-Pedersen

Nieminen

Omvik

Oparil

Wedel

Aurup

Edelman

Snapinn

; for the LIFE study group. Risk of new-onset diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1879–1886.

121.

122 Kjeldsen

Julius

Mancia

McInnes

Hua

Weber

Coca

Ekman

Girerd

Jamerson

Larochelle

MacDonald

Schmieder

Schork

Stolt

Viskoper

Widimsky

Zanchetti

; VALUE Trial Investigators. Effects of valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive patients: the VALUE trial. J Hypertens 2006; 24:1405–1412.

122.

123

Torp-Pedersen

Metra

Charlesworth

Spark

Lukas

Poole-Wilson

Swedberg

Cleland

Di Lenarda

Remme

Scherhaug

Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on preexisting and new on-set diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure (inverted exclamation) V data from the Carvedilol or metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Heart 2007: Jan 19 [Epub ahead of print].

123.

124

Kaiser

Heise

Nosek

Eckers

Sawicki

PT.

Influence of nebivolol and enalapril on metabolic parameters and arterial stiffness in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1397–1403.

124.

125

Klingbeil

Schneider

Martus

Messerli

Schmieder

RE.

A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 2003; 115: 41–46.

125.

126

Ciulla

Paliotti

Esposito

Dìez

López

Dahlöf

Nicholls

Smith

Gilles

Magrini

Zanchetti

Different effects of antihyper-tensive therapies based on losartan or atenolol on ultrasound and biochemical markers of myocardial fibrosis: results of a randomized trial. Circulation 2004; 110: 552–557.

126.

127

Ciulla

Paliotti

Esposito

Cuspidi

Muiesan

Salvetti

Agabiti-Rosei

Magrini

Zanchetti

Effects of the angiotension receptor antagonist candesartan and the ACE inhibitor enalapril on ultrasound markers of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 2005; 23(Suppl 2):S381.

127.

128 GISEN, Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1997; 349: 1857–1863.

128.

129 Mann

Gerstein

Franke

Lonn

Hoogwerf

Rashkow

Yusuf

HOPE Investigators Progression of renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes with and without microalbuminuria: results of the Heart Outcomes and Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) randomized study. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 936–942.

129.

130 Ruggenenti

Fassi

Ilieva

Bruno

Iliev

Brusegan

Rubis

Gherardi

Arnoldi

Ganeva

Ene-Iordache

Gaspari

Perna

Bossi

Trevisan

Dodesini

Remuzzi

; Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators. Preventing microal-buminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1941–1951.

130.

131 Brenner

Cooper

de Zeeuw

Keane

Mitch

Parving

Remuzzi

Snapinn

Zhang

Shahinfar

; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861–869.

131.

132 Lewis

Hunsicker

Clarke

Berl

Pohl

Lewis

Ritz

Atkins

Rohde

Raz

; Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851–860.

132.

133

Lewis

Hunsicker

Bain

Rohde

RD.

The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456–1462.

133.

134 Zanchetti

Bond

Hennig

Neiss

Mancia

Dal Paluè

Hansson

Magnani

Rahn

Reid

Rodicio

Safar

Eckes

Rizzini

; European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis investigators. European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis investigators. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA), a randomized, double-blind, long-term trial. Circulation 2002; 106:2422–2427.

134.

135

Zanchetti

Agabiti

Rosei E

Dal Palu

Leonetti

Magnani

Pessina

The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1667–1676.

135.

136

Borhani

Mercuri

Borhani

Buckalew

Canossa-Terris

Carr

Kappagoda

Rocco

Schnaper

Sowers

Bond

MG.

Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS). A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996; 276: 785–791.

136.

137

Ruilope

Rosei

Bakris

Mancia

Poulter

Taddei

Unger

Volpe

Waeber

Zannad

Angiotensin receptor blockers: therapeutic targets and cardiovascular protection. Blood Press 2005; 14: 196–209.

137.

138

Waeber

Burnier

Brunner

HR.

Compliance with antihypertensive therapy. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999; 21: 973–985.

138.

139 Clement

De Buyzere

De Bacquer

de Leeuw

Duprez

Fagard

Gheeraert

Missault

Braun

Six

Van Der Niepen

O'Brien

; Office versus Ambulatory Pressure Study Investigators. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2407–2415.

139.

140

Parati

Pomidossi

Albini

Malaspina

Mancia

Relationship of 24-hour blood pressure mean and variability to severity of target-organ damage in hypertension. J Hypertens 1987; 5: 93–98.

140.

141

Frattola

Parati

Cuspidi

Albini

Mancia

Prognostic value of 24-hour blood pressure variability. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 1133–1137.

141.

142

Sander

Kukla

Klingelhofer

Winbeck

Conrad

Relationship between circadian blood pressure patterns and progression of early carotid atherosclerosis: a 3-year follow-up study. Circulation 2000; 102: 1536–1541.

142.

143

Mancia

Sega

Milesi

Cesana

Zanchetti

Blood-pressure control in the hypertensive population. Lancet 1997; 349: 454–457.

143.

144 Baigent

Keech

Kearney

Blackwell

Buck

Pollicino

Kirby

Sourjina

Peto

Collins

Simes

; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366: 1267–1278.

144.

145 Collins

Armitage

Parish

Sleigh

Peto

; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 2005–2016.

145.

146 Colhoun

Betteridge

Durrington

Hitman

Neil

Livingstone

Thomason

Mackness

Charlton-Menys

Fuller

CARDS investigators Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 685–696.

146.

147 4S Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383–1389.

147.

148

Shepherd

Cobbe

Ford

Isles

Lorimer

MacFarlane

McKillop

Packard

CJ.

Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301–1307.

148.

149 Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349–1357.

149.

150

Bucher

Griffith

Guyatt

GH.

Effect of HMGcoA reductase inhibitors on stroke. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 89–95.

150.

151 Schwartz

Olsson

Ezekowitz

Ganz

Oliver

Waters

Zeiher

Chaitman

Leslie

Stern

; Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285:1711–1718.

151.

152 Ray

Cannon

McCabe

Cairns

Tonkin

Sacks

Jackson

Braunwald

; PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators. Early and late benefit of high-dose atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the PROVE-IT-TIMI22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1405–1410.

152.

153

de Lemos

Blazing

Wiviott

Lewis

Fox

White

Rouleau

Pedersen

Gardner

Mukherjee

Ramsey

Palmisano

Bilheimer

Pfeffer

Califf

Braunwald E; A to Z Investigators. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndrome: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 1307–1316.

153.

154

Nissen

Nicholls

Sipahi

Libby

Raichlen

Ballantyne

Davignon

Erbel

Fruchart

Tardif

Schoenhagen

Crowe

Cain

Wolski

Goormastic

Tuzcu

EM.

Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 1556–1565.

154.

155

Reiner

Galic

Hanzevacki

Tedeschi-Reiner

Concomitant use of statins and cytochrome P 450 inhibitors. Lijec Vjesn 2005; 127: 65–68.

155.

156

Grundy

Brewer

Jr Cleeman

Smith

Jr Lenfant

Definition of the metabolic syndrome. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004; 109: 433–438.

156.

157 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.

157.

158

Alberti

Zimmet

Shaw

IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome–a new worldwide definition

Lancet 2005; 366:1059–1062.

158.

159

Rozanski

Blumenthal

Davidson

Saab

Kubzansky

The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 637–651.

159.

160

Rees

Bennett

West

Davey

Ebrahim

Psychological Interventions for Coronary Heart Disease (Cochrane Review). Oxford: Update Software; 2004.

160.

161

Albus

Jordan

Herrmann-Lingen

Screening for psychosocial risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease–recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2004; 11: 75–79.

161.

162

Ross

Atherosclerosis–an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115–126.

162.

163

Libby

Ridker

Maseri

Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135–1143.

163.

164

Ridker

Hennekens

Buring

Rifai

C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836–843.

164.

165 Scarabin

Arveiler

Amouyel

Dos Santos

Evans

Luc

Ferrières

Juhan-Vague

; Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction. Plasma fibrinogen explains much of the difference in risk of coronary heart disease between France and Northern Ireland. The PRIME Study. Atherosclerosis 2003; 166:103–109.

165.

166

Yarnell

Patterson

Sweetnam

Lowe

GDO.

Haemostatic/inflammatory markers predict 10-year risk of IHD at least as well as lipids: the Caerphilly collaborative studies. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1049–1056.

166.

167 Blankenberg

Luc

Ducimetieère

Arveiler

Ferrieères

Amouyel

Evans

Cambien

Tiret

; PRIME Study Group. Interleukin-18 and the risk of coronary heart disease in European men: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). Circulation 2003; 108:2453–2459.

167.

168

Smeeth

Thomas

Hall

Hubbard

Farrington

Vallance

Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2611–2618.

168.

169 Pearson

Mensah

Alexander

Anderson

Cannon

Criqui

Fadl

Fortmann

Hong

Myers

Rifai

Smith

Taubert

Tracy

Vinicor

; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; American Heart Association. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003; 197:499–551.

169.

170

Lowe

Can haematological tests predict cardiovascular risk? The 2005 Kettle Lecture. Br J Haematol 2006; 133: 232–250.

170.

171

Lowe

Circulating inflammatory markers and risks of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular disease. J Thromb Haemostasis 2005; 3: 1618–1627.

171.

172

Danesh

Wheeler

Hirschfield

Eda

Eiriksdottir

Rumley

Lowe

Pepys

Gudnason

C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1387–1397.

172.

173

Geelen

Brouwer

Schouten

Maan

Katan

Zock

PL.

Effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 416–420.

173.

174

Liu

Higgins

Keavney

Lowe

Collins

Danesh

Seven haemostatic gene polymorphisms in coronary disease: meta-analysis of 66,155 cases and 91,307 controls. Lancet 2006; 367: 651–658.

174.

175

Myers

Kiely

Cupples

Kannel

WB.

Parental history is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1990; 120: 963–969.

175.

176

Hawe

Talmud

Miller

Humphries

SE.

Family history is a coronary heart disease risk factor in the Second Northwick Park Heart Study. Ann Hum Genet 2003; 67: 97–106.

176.

177

Beekman

Heijmans

Martin

Pedersen

Whitfield

DeFaire

van Baal

Snieder

Vogler

Slagboom

Boomsma

DI.

Heritabilities of apolipoprotein and lipid levels in three countries. Twin Res 2002; 5: 87–97.

177.

178

Austin

Sandholzer

Selby

Newman

Krauss

Utermann

Lipoprotein(a) in women twins: heritability and relationship to apolipo-protein(a) phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 51: 829–840.

178.

179

Danesh

Collins

Peto

Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation 2000; 102: 1082–1085.

179.

180

Pankow

Folsom

Cushman

Borecki

Hopkins

Eckfeldt

Tracy

RP.

Familial and genetic determinants of systemic markers of inflammation: the NHLBI family heart study. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154: 681–689.

180.

181

Worns

Victor

Galle

Hohler

Genetic and environmental contributions to plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels–a study in twins. Genes Immun 2006; 7: 600–605.

181.

182

Humphries

Ridker

Talmud

PJ.

Genetic testing for cardiovascular disease susceptibility: a useful clinical management tool or possible misinformation? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 628–636.

182.

183

Redon

Ishikawa

Fitch

Feuk

Perry

Andrews

Fiegler

Shapero

Carson

Chen

Cho

Dallaire

Freeman

Gonzaylez

Gratacèos

Huang

Kalaitzopoulos

Komura

MacDonald

Marshall

Mei

Montgomery

Nishimura

Okamura

Shen

Somerville

Tchinda

Valsesia

Woodwark

Yang

Zhang

Zerjal

Zhang

Armengol

Conrad

Estivill

Tyler-Smith

Carter

Aburatani

Lee

Jones

Scherer

Hurles

ME.

Global variation in copy number in the human genome. Nature 2006; 444: 444–454.

183.

184

Casas

Cooper

Miller

Hingorani

Humphries

SE.

Investigating the genetic determinants of cardiovascular disease using candidate genes and meta-analysis of association studies. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70: 145–169.

184.

185

Wilson

D'Agostino

Levy

Belanger

Silbershatz

Kannel

WB.

Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1997; 97: 1837–1847.

185.

186

Assmann

Cullen

Schulte

Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 2002; 105: 310–315.

186.

187

Cooper

Miller

Humphries

SE.

A comparison of the PROCAM and Framingham point-scoring systems for estimation of individual risk of coronary heart disease in the Second Northwick Park Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181: 93–100.

187.

188

Yang

Khoury

Friedman

Little

Flanders

WD.

How many genes underlie the occurrence of common complex diseases in the population? Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 1129–1137.

188.

189

Goldstein

Brown

Familial hypercholesterolaemia. In: Scriver

Beaudet

Sly

Valle

eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. New York: McGraw Hill; 1995. p 1215–1245.

189.

190

Patterson

Slack

Lipid abnormalities in male and female survivors of myocardial infarction and their first-degree relatives. Lancet 1972; 1: 393–399.

190.

191 Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of Simon Broome Register Group. The risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholes-terolaemia. BMJ 1991; 303: 893–896.

191.

192

Williams

Hunt

Schumacher

Hegele

Leppert

Ludwig

Hopkins

PN.

Diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholes-terolaemia using new practical criteria validated by molecular genetics. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 171–176.

192.

193

Umans-Eckenhausen

Defesche

Sijbrands

Scheerder

Kastelein

JJ.

Review of first 5 years of screening for familial hypercho-lesterolaemia in the Netherlands. Lancet 2001; 357: 165–168.

193.

194

Heath

Humphries

Middleton-Price

Boxer

A molecular genetic service for diagnosing individuals with familial hypercholestero-laemia (FH) in the United Kingdom. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9: 244–252.

194.

195

Fouchier

Defesche

Umans-Eckenhausen

Kastelein

JP.

The molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia in The Netherlands. Hum Genet 2001; 109: 602–615.

195.

196

Holla

Teie

Berge

Leren

TP.

Identification of deletions and duplications in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene by MLPA. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 356: 164–171.

196.

197

Heath

Gahan

Whittall

Humphries

SE.

Low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) world-wide website in familial hypercholestero-laemia: update, new features and mutation analysis. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154: 243–246.

197.

198

Myant

Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: a review, including some comparisons with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1993; 104: 1–18.

198.

199

Abifadel

Varret

Rabeès

Allard

Ouguerram

Devillers

Cruaud

Benjannet

Wickham

Erlich

Derrey

Villyeger

Farnier

Beucler

Bruckert

Chambaz

Chanu

Lecerf

Luc

Moulin

Weissenbach

Prat

Krempf

Junien

Seidah

Boileau

Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Nat Genet 2003; 34: 154–156.

199.

200 Familial hypercholesterolemia in Spain: case-finding program clinical genetic aspects. Semin Vasc Med 2004; 4:67–74.

200.

201

Marks

Thorogood

Neil

Humphries

Neil

HA.

Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia: implications of a pilot study for national screening programmes. J Med Screen 2006; 13: 156–159.

201.

202

Thorsson

Sigurdsson

Gudnason

Systematic family screening for familial hypercholesterolemia in Iceland. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 335–338.

202.

203

Leren

Manshaus

Skovholt

Skodje

Nossen

Teie

Sorensen

Bakken

KS.

Application of molecular genetics for diagnosing familial hypercholesterolemia in Norway: results from a family-based screening program. Semin Vasc Med 2004; 4: 75–85.

203.

204

Hadfield

Humphries

SE.

Implementation of cascade testing for the detection of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005; 16: 428–433.

204.

205

Goldstein

Hazzard

Schrott

Bierman

Motulsky

AG.

Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease. I. Lipid levels in 500 survivors of myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 1533–1543.

205.

206

Pajukanta

Lilja

Sinsheimer

Cantor

Lusis

Gentile

Duan

Soro-Paavonen

Naukkarinen

Saarela

Laakso

Ehnholm

Taskinen

Peltonen

Familial combined hyperlipidemia is associated with upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1). Nat Genet 2004; 36: 371–376.

206.

207

Naukkarinen

Gentile

Soro-Paavonen

Saarela

Koistinen

Pajukanta

Taskinen

Peltonen

USF1 and dyslipidemias: converging evidence for a functional intronic variant. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14: 2595–2605.

207.

208 von Eckardstein A. Differential diagnosis of familial high densitylipoprotein deficiency syndromes. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186: 231–239.

208.

209

Stramba-Badiale

Fox

Priori

Collins

Daly

Graham

Jonsson

Schenk-Gustafsson

Tendera

Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 994–1005.

209.

210 Mosca

Appel

Benjamin

Berra

Chandra-Strobos

Fabunmi

Grady

Haan

Hayes

Judelson

Keenan

McBride

Oraril

Ouyang

Mendelsohn

Pasternak

Pinn

Robertson

Schenk-Gustafsson

Sila

Smith

Jr Sopko

Taylor

Walsh

Wenger

Williams

; American Heart Association. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation 2004; 109:672–693.

210.

211

Manolio

Pearson

Wenger

Barrett-Connor

Payne

GH.

Cholesterol and heart disease in older persons and women. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 161–176.

211.

212

Jacobs

Kelsey

Brooks

Faxon

Chaitman

Bittner

Mock

Weiner

Dean

Winston

Drew

Sopko

Better outcome for women compared with men undergoing coronary revascu-larization: a report from the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (BARI). Circulation 1998; 98: 1279–1285.

212.

213

Stramba-Badiale

Priori

SG.

Gender-specific prescription for cardiovascular diseases? Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1571–1572.

213.

214

Ridker

Cook

Lee

IM.

A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1293–1304.

214.

215

Kachelriess

Kalender

WA.

Electrocardiogram-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond spiral computed tomography scans of the heart. Med Phys 1998; 25: 2417–2431.

215.

216

Tedeschi-Reiner

Reiner

Sonicki

Atherosclerosis of retinal arteries in men: Role of serum lipoproteins and apoproteins. Croat Med J 2004; 45: 333–337.

216.

217

Tedeschi-Reiner

Strozzi

Skoric

Reiner

Relation of atherosclerotic changes in retinal arteries to the extent of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 1107–1109.

217.

218

Berl

Henrich

Kidney-heart interactions: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 8–18.

218.

219

Fox

Larson

Leip

Culleton

Wilson

PWF

Levy

Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community-based population. JAMA 2004; 291: 844–850.

219.

220

Sarafidis

Whaley-Connell Sowers

Bakris

GL.

Cardiometabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease: what is the link? JCMS 2006; 1: 58–65.

220.

221

Cozzolino

Brancaccio

Gallieni

Slatopolsky

Pathogenesis of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 429–436.

221.

222

Strippoli

Craig

Manno

Schena

FP.

Hemoglobin targets for the anemia of chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 3154–3165.

222.

223

Segura

Gracia-Donaire

Praga

Ruilope

LM.

Chronic kidney disease as a situation of high added risk in hypertensive patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 (4 Suppl 2):S136–S140.

223.

224

Ezekowitz

McAlister

Humphries

Norris

Tonelli

Ghali

Knudson

ML.

The association among renal insufficiency, pharmacotherapy and outcomes in 6247 patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1587–1592.

224.

225 Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk people. BMJ 2002; 324: 71–86.

225.

226 CURE Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494–502.

226.

227

Bonarjee

Carstensen

Caidahl

Nilsen

Edner

Berning

Attenuation of left ventricular dilatation after acute myocardial infarction by early initiation of enalapril therapy. CONSENSUS II Multi-Echo Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 1004–1009.

227.

228

Hurlen

Abdelnoor

Smith

Erikssen

Arnesen

Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 2002; 347: 969–974.

228.

229 Fuster

Rydeén

Cannom

Crijns

Curtis

Ellenbogen

Halperin

Le Heuzey

Kay

Lowe

Olsson

Prystowsky

Tamargo

Wann

Smith

Jacobs

Adams

Anderson

Antman

Halperin

Hunt

Nishimura

Ornato

Page

Riegel

Priori

Blanc

Budaj

Camm

Dean

Deckers

Despres

Dickstein

Lekakis

McGregor

Metra

Morais

Osterspey

Tamargo

Zamorano

; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:1979–2030.

229.

230

Getz

Sigurdsson

Hetlevik

Kirkengen

Romundstad

Holmen

Estimating the high risk group for cardiovascular disease in the Norwegian HUNT 2 population according to the 2003 European guidelines: modelling study. BMJ 2005; 331: 551.