The Ostrich,the Albatross,and Public Health: An Ecosocial Perspective—Or Why an Explicit Focus on Health Consequences of Discrimination and Deprivation is Vital for Good Science and Public Health Practice

Department of Health and Human Services (US) and ABC Radio Networks. Closing the health gap [cited 2001 Dec 30]. Available from: URL: http://www.healthgap.omhrc.gov/

Slideshow: the NIH Strategic Plan to Address Health Disparities. Presented by Dr. Fauci to the Symposium on Challenges in Health Disparity in the New Millennium: A Call to Action, Washington, DC, April 19, 2000 [cited 2001 Dec 30]. Available from: URL: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/director/healthdis.htm

National Institutes of Health (US). Office of Research on Women's Health. Overview [cited 2001 Dec 30]. Available from: URL: http://www4.od.nih.gov/orwh/overview.html

National Institutes of Health (US). National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities [cited 2001 Dec 30]. Available from: URL: http://ncmhd.nih.gov/home.html

Krieger N . Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:668–77.

Krieger N Rowley DL Herman AA Avery B Phillips MT . Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being. Am J Prev Med 1993;9(Suppl):82–122.

Krieger N . A glossary for social epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:693–700.

Krieger N Williams D Moss N . Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health 1997;18:341–78.

Lynch J Kaplan G . Socioeconomic position. In: Berkman L Kawachi I , editors. Social epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 13–35.

Statistics Canada and Census Bureau (US). Challenges of measuring in an ethnic world: science, politics, and reality. Washington: Government Printing Office; 1993.

Nobles M . Shades of citizenship: race and the census in modern politics. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press; 2000.

Krieger N . Counting accountably: implications of the new approaches to classifying race/ethnicity in the 2000 Census. Am J Public Health 2000;90:1687–9.

Doyal L . What makes women sick: gender and the political economy of health. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press; 1995.

Meyer IH . Why lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender public health? Am J Public Health 2001;91:856–9.

Satel SL . PC, M.D.: how political correctness is corrupting medicine. New York: Basic Books; 2000.

McCarthy M . Do “PC” MDs threaten health care? Lancet 2001;358:1246.

Krieger N . The making of public health data: paradigms, politics, and policy. J Public Health Policy 1992;13:412–27.

Krieger N . Questioning epidemiology: objectivity, advocacy, and socially responsible science. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1151–3.

Ernst W Harris B , editors. Race, science, and medicine, 1700–1960. London: Routledge; 1999.

Sydenstricker E . Health and environment. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1933.

Duffy J . The sanitarians: a history of American public health. Urbana: University of Illinois Press; 1990.

Fee E . Public health and the state: the United States. In: Porter D , editor. The history of public health and the modern state. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi B. V.; 1994. p. 224–75.

Gamble VN , editor. Germs have no color line: Blacks and American medicine, 1900–1940. New York: Garland; 1989.

Trafzer CE Weiner D , editors. Medicine ways: disease, health, and survival among Native Americans. Walnut Creek (CA): AltaMira Press; 2001.

Thornton R . American Indian holocaust and survival: a population history since 1492. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press; 1987.

Kraut AM . Silent travelers: germs, genes, and the “immigrant menace.” New York: Basic Books; 1995.

Haller JS . Outcasts from evolution: scientific attitudes of racial inferiority, 1859–1900. 2nd ed. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press; 1995.

Kevles DJ . In the name of eugenics: genetics and the uses of human heredity; with a new preface by the author. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1995.

Hoffman FL . Race traits and tendencies. New York: MacMillan; 1896.

Hoffman FL . Insurance science and economics: a practical discussion of present-day problems of administration, methods and results. Chicago: Spectator Co.; 1911.

Hoffman FL . The mortality from cancer throughout the world. Newark (NJ): Prudential Press; 1915.

Brunner WF . The Negro health problem in Southern cities. Am J Public Health 1915;5:183–90.

Fort AG . The Negro health problem in rural communities. Am J Public Health 1915;5:191–3.

Allen LC . The Negro health problem. Am J Public Health 1915;5:194–203.

Lee L . The Negro as a problem in public health charity. Am J Public Health 1915;5:207–11.

Graves ML . Practical remedial measures for the improvement of hygienic conditions of the Negroes in the South. Am J Public Health 1915;5:212–17.

Young AA Jr Deskins DR Jr . Early traditions of African-American sociological thought. Annu Rev Sociol 2001;27:445–77.

Krieger N . Shades of difference: theoretical underpinnings of the medical controversy on black-white differences, 1830–1870. Int J Health Serv 1987;17:258–79.

Miller K . A review of Hoffman's Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1897). In: The American Negro Academy Occasional Papers, 1–22. New York: New York Times, Arno Times Reprint; 1969. p. 1–36.

Kaiser E . Introduction. In: The American Negro Academy Occasional Papers, 1–22. New York: New York Times, Arno Times Reprint; 1969. p. i–xii.

Du Bois WEB . The health and physique of the Negro American. Atlanta: Atlanta University Press; 1906.

Trask JW . The significance of the mortality rates of the colored population of the United States. Am J Public Health 1916;6:254–60.

Nathan WB . Health conditions in North Harlem 1923–1927. New York: National Tuberculosis Association; 1932.

Holland DF Perrott GSJ . Health of the Negro: Part I: disabling illness among Negroes and low-income white families in New York City—a report of a sickness survey in the spring of 1933. Milbank Memorial Fund Q 1938;16:5–15.

Holland DF Perrott GSJ . Health of the Negro: Part II: a preliminary report on a study of disabling illness in a representative sample of the Negro and white population of four cities canvassed in the National Health Survey, 1935–1936. Milbank Memorial Fund Q 1938;16:16–38.

Tibbits C . The socio-economic background of Negro health status. J Negro Educ 1937;6:413–28.

Jones JH . Bad blood: the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. New and expanded ed. New York: Free Press; 1993.

Reverby SM , editor. Tuskegee's truths: rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Press; 2000.

Williams DR . Race, socioeconomic status, and health: the added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals N Y Acad Sci 1999;896:173–88.

Lillie-Blanton M LaVeist T . Race/ethnicity, the social environment, and health. Soc Sci Med 1996;43:83–92.

Krieger N . Discrimination and health. In: Berkman L Kawachi I , editors. Social epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 36–75.

The White House. Office of Management and Budget. October 30, 1997, Federal data on race and ethnicity. Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity [cited 2001 Dec 30]. Available from: URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/ombdir15.html

Institute of Medicine. The future of public health. Washington: National Academy Press; 1988.