The Genetic Control of Early Odontogenesis

Bell J. R. , Noveen A. , Liu Y.H. , Ma L. , Dobias S. , Kundu R. , Luo W. , Xia Y. , Lusis A.J. and Snead M. L. (1993) Genomic structure, chromosomal location, and evolution of the mouse Hox-8 gene, Genomics, 16, 123–131.

Bitgood M. J. and McMahon A. P. (1995) Hedgehog and Bmp genes are coexpressed at many diverse sights of cell-cell interaction in the mouse embryo, Developmental Biology, 172, 126–138.

Burzynski N. and Escobar V. (1983) Classification genetics of numeric anomalies of the dentition, Birth Defects, 13, 95–106.

Butler P. M. (1939) Studies of the mammalian dentition. Differentiation of the postcanine dentition, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 109B, 329–356.

Chiang C. , Litingtung Y. , Lee E. , Young K.E. , Corden J.L. , Westphal H. and Beachy P. A. (1996) Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function, Nature, 383, 407–413.

Dean M. (1996) Polarity, proliferation and the hedgehog pathway, Nature Genetics, 14, 245–247.

Ferguson M. W. J. (1990) The dentition through life, In: Elderton R. J. (ed.) The Dentition and Dental Care, Dental Series 3, Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 1–29.

Hahn H. , Wicking C. , Zaphiropoulos P.G. , Gailani M.R. , Shanley S. , Chidambaram A. , Volechovsky I. , Holmberg E. , Unden A. B. , Gillies S. , Negus K. , Smyth I. , Pressman C. , Leffell D. J. , Gerrard B. , Goldstein A. M. , Dean M. , Toftgard R. , Chenevix-Trench G. , Wainwright B. and Bale A. E. (1996) Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Cell, 85, 841–851.

Hammerschmidt M. , Brook A. and McMahon A. P. (1997) The world according to hedgehog, Trends in Genetics, 13, 14–21.

Hardcastle Z. , Mo R. and Sharpe P. T. (1998) The Shh signalling pathway in tooth development: defects in Gli-2 and Gli-3 mutants, Development, 125, 2803–2811.

Heikinheimo K. (1994) Stage-specific expression of decapentaplegic-Vg-related genes 2, 4 and 6 (bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 6) during human tooth morphogenesis, Journal of Dental Research, 73, 590–597.

Hunt P. , Gulisano M. , Cook M. , Sham M. , Faiella A. , Wilkinson D. , Boncinelli E. and Krumlauf R. (1991a) A distinct hox code for the branchial region of the vertebrate head, Nature, 353, 861–864.

Hunt P. , Wilkinson D. and Krumlauf R. (1991b) Patterning the vertebrate head: murine Hox 2 genes mark distinct subpopulations of premigratory and migratory neural crest, Development, 112, 43–51.

Ignelzi M. A. , Liu Y. , Maxson R.E. and Snead M. L. (1995) Genetically engineered mice: tools to understand craniofacial development, Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 6, 181–201.

Jabs E. W. , Muller U. , Xiang L. , Liang M. , Luo W. , Haworth I.S. , Klisak I. , Sparkes R. , Warman M. L. , Mulliken J. B. , Snead M. L. and Maxson R. (1993) A mutation in the homeodomain of the human MSX-2 gene in a family affected with autosomal dominant craniosynostosis, Cell, 75, 443–450.

Jernvall J. , Kettunen P. , Karavanova I. , Martin I.B. and Thesleff I. (1994) Evidence for the role of the enamel knot as a control center in mammalian tooth cusp formation: non-dividing cells express growth stimulating Fgf-4 gene, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 38, 463–469.

Johnson R. L. , Rothman A. L. , Xie J. , Goodrich L.V. , Bare J.W. , Bonifas J.M. , Quinn A.G. , Myers R.M. , Cox D. R. , Epstein E. H. Jr and Scott M. P. (1996) Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome, Science, 272, 1668–1671.

Kettunen P. and Thesleff I. (1998) Expression and function of FGF's-4, - 8, and - 9 suggest functional redundancy and repetitive use as epithelial signals during tooth morphogenesis, Developmental Dynamics, 211, 256–268.

Kingsley D. M. (1994) What do BMP's do in mammals? Clues from the mouse short ear mutation, Trends in Genetics, 10, 16–21.

Kollar E. J. and Baird G. R. (1970) Tissue interactions in developing mouse tooth germs: II. The inductive role of the dental papilla, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 24, 173–186.

Lewis E. B. (1978) A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila, Nature, 276 565–570.

Lumsden A. G. S. (1988) Spatial organisation of the epithelium and the role of the neural crest cells in the initiation of the mammalian tooth germ, Development, 103 (Supplement), 155–169.

Lumsden A. G. S. , Sprawson N. and Graham A. (1991) Segmental origin and migration of neural crest cells in the hindbrain region of the chick embryo, Development, 113 1281–1291.

Maas R. and Bei M. (1997) The genetic control of early tooth development, Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 8, 4–39.

MacKenzie A. , Ferguson M. W. J. and Sharpe P. T. (1992) Expression patterns of the homeobox gene, Hox-8, in the mouse embryo suggest a role in specifying tooth initiation and shape, Development, 115, 403–420.

McGinnis W. , Levine M. S. , Hafen E. , Kuroiwa A. and Gehring W. J. (1984a) A conserved DNA sequence in homeotic genes of the Drosophila antennapedia and bithorax complexes, Nature, 308, 428–433.

McGinnis W. , Garber R. L. , Wirz J. , Kuroiwa A. and Gehring W. J. (1984b) A homologous protein-coding sequence in Drosophila homeotic genes and its conservation in other metazoans, Cell, 37, 403–408.

Mina M. and Kollar E. J. (1987) The induction of odontogenesis in non dental mesenchyme combined with early murine mandibular arch epithelium, Archives of Oral Biology, 32, 123–127.

Nieminen P. , Arte S. , Pirinen S. , Peltonen L. and Thesleff I. (1995) Gene defect in hypodontia: exclusion of MSX-1 and MSX-2 as candidate genes, Human Genetics, 96, 305–308.

Noden D. M. (1984) Craniofacial development: new views on old problems, Anatomical Record, 208, 1–13.

Osborn J. W. (1978) Morphogenetic gradients: fields versus clones, In: Butler P. M. and Joysey K. A. (eds) Development, Function and Evolution of the Teeth, Academic Press, New York, pp. 171–201.

Porteus M. H. , Bulfone A. , Ciaranello R.D. and Rubenstein J. L. R. (1991) Isolation and characterization of a novel cDNA clone encoding a homeodomain that is developmentally regulated in the ventral forebrain, Neuron, 7, 221–229.

Price J. A. , Bowden D. W. , Wright J. T. , Pettenati M.J. and Hart J. T. (1998) Identification of a mutation in DLX-3 associated with tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome, Human Molecular Genetics, 7, 563–569.

Qiu M. , Bulfone A. , Ghattas I. , Meneses J.J. , Christensen L. , Sharpe P. T. , Presley R. , Penderson R. A. and Rubenstein J. L. R. (1997) Role of the Dlx homeobox genes in proximodistal patterning of the branchial arches: mutations of Dlx-1, Dlx-2 and Dlx-1 and - 2 alter morphogenesis of proximal skeletal and soft tissue structures derived from the first and second arches, Archives of Developmental Biology, 185, 165–184.

Roessler E. , Belloni E. , Gaudenz K. , Jay P. , Berta P. , Scherer S.W. , Tsui L. and Muenke M. (1996) Mutations in the human Sonic hedgehog gene cause holoprosencephaly, Nature Genetics, 14, 357–360.

Satokata I. and Maas R. (1994) Msx-1 deficient mice exhibit cleft palate and abnormalities of craniofacial and tooth development, Nature Genetics, 6, 348–356.

Sharpe P. T. (1995) Homeobox genes and orofacial development, Connective Tissue Research, 32, 17–25.

Stone D. M. , Hynes M. , Armanini M. , Swanson T.A. , Gu Q. , Johnson R. L. , Scott M. P. , Pennica D. , Goddard A. , Phillips H. , Noll M. , Hooper J. E. , de Sauvage F. and Rosenthal A. (1996) The tumor-suppressor gene patched encodes a candidate receptor for Sonic hedgehog, Nature, 384, 129–134.

Thesleff I. (1996) Two genes for missing teeth, Nature Genetics, 13, 379–380.

Thesleff I. and Sharpe P. T. (1997) Signalling networks regulating dental development, Mechanisms of Development, 67, 111–123.

Thomas B. L. and Sharpe P. T. (1998) Patterning of the murine dentition by homeobox genes, European Journal of Oral Sciences, 106 (Supplement 1), 48–54.

Thomas B. L. , Tucker A. S. , Qiu M. , Ferguson C.A. , Hardcastle Z. , Rubenstein J. L. R. and Sharpe P. T. (1997) Role of the Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 genes in patterning of the murine dentition, Development, 124, 4811–4818.

Tissier-Seta J. P. , Mucchielti M. L. , Mark M. , Mattei M. G. , Goridis C. and Bruney J. F. (1995) Barx-1, a new mouse homeodomain transcription factor expressed in craniofacial ectomesenchyme and the stomach, Mechanisms of Development, 51, 3–15.

Tucker A. S. , Al Khamis A. and Sharpe P. T. (1998) Interactions between Bmp-4 and Msx-1 act to restrict gene expression to odontogenic mesenchyme, Developmental Dynamics, 212, 533–539.

Vaahtokari A. , Aberg T. , Jervvall J. , Keranen S. and Thesleff I. (1996a) The enamel knot as a signalling center in the developing mouse tooth, Mechanisms of Development, 54, 39–43.

Vaahtokari A. , Aberg T. and Thesleff I. (1996b) Apoptosis in the developing tooth: association with an embryonic signaling centre and suppression by EGF and FGF-4, Development, 122, 121–129.

Vainio S. , Karavanova I. , Jowett A. and Thesleff I. (1993) Identification of Bmp-4 as a signal mediating secondary induction between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during early tooth development, Cell, 75, 45–58.

Vastardis H. , Karimbux N. , Guthua S.W. , Seidman J.G. and Seidman C. E. (1996) A human MSX-1 homeodomain missense mutation causes selective tooth agenesis, Nature Genetics, 13, 417–421.

Weiss K. , Stock D. , Zhao Z. , Buchahan A. , Ruddle F. and Shashikant C. (1998) Perspectives on genetic aspects of dental patterning, European Journal of Oral Sciences, 106 (Supplement 1), 55–63.

Wilkie A. O. M. , Morriss-Kay G. M. , Jones E. Y. and Heath J. K. (1995) Functions of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors, Current Biology, 5, 500–507.

Wolpert L. (1998) Principles of Development, Current Biology, Oxford University Press, Oxford.