9. Quality Assurance

Arjomandy B. , Sahoo N. , Zhu X.R. , Zullo J.R. , Wu R.Y. , Zhu M.P. , Ding X.N. , Martin C. , Ciangaru G. , and Gillin M.T. (2009). ‘An overview of the comprehensive proton therapy machine quality assurance procedures implemented at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Proton Therapy Center-Houston,’ Med. Phys. 36, 2269–2282.

Baek H.J. , Kim T.H. , Shin D.H. , Kwak J.W. , Choo D.W. , Lee S.B. , Furusawa Y. , Ando K. , Kim S.S. , and Cho K.H. (2008). ‘Radiobiological Characterization of Proton Beam at the National Cancer Center in Korea,’ J. Radiat. Res. (Tokyo) 49, 509–515.

Bäumer C. , Ackermann B. , Hillbrand M. , Kaiser F.J. , Koska B. , Latzel H. , Luhr A. , Menkel S. , and Timmermann B. (2016). ‘Dosimetry intercomparison of four proton therapy institutions in Germany employing spot scanning,’ Z. Med. Phys. 27, 80–85.

Cantone M.C. , Ciocca M. , Dionisi F. , Fossati P. , Lorentini S. , Krengli M. , Molinelli S. , Orecchia R. , Schwarz M. , Veronese I. , and Vitolo V. (2013). ‘Application of failure mode and effects analysis to treatment planning in scanned proton beam radiotherapy,’ Radiat. Oncol. 8, 127.

Ciocca M. Mirandola A. Molinelli S. Freixas G.V. Mairani A. Raffaele L. 2013 Quality Assurance Protocol at Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO), Report prepared for the ULICE project. https://ulice.web.cern.ch/ulice/cms/documents/Protocol_1-QA-CNAO.pdf

DIN (2009). Deutsches Institut für Normung. Qualitätsmanagementsystem in der Medizinischen Radiologie—Teil 1: Strahlentherapie. DIN 6870-1 (Beuth, Germany).

Flanz J. , Jäkel O. , Ford E. , Hahn S. , Mazal A. , and Daartz J. (2016a). ‘PTCOG Safety Group Report on Aspects of Safety in Particle Therapy,’.

Flanz J. Litzenberg D. Chen H. Schreuder N. 2016 PTCOG White Paper on Particle Therapy Efficiency: Aspects of Quality Assurance, 1. https://www.ptcog.ch/archive/Software_and_Docs/PTCOG_Safety_Report_2.pdf

Fraass B. , Doppke K. , Hunt M. , Kutcher G. , Starkschall G. , Stern R. , and Van Dyke J. (1998). ‘AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 53: quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning,’ Med. Phys. 25, 1773–1829.

Fukumura A. , Hiraoka T. , Omata K. , Takeshita M. , Kawachi K. , Kanai T. , Matsufuji N. , Tomura H. , Futami Y. , Kaizuka Y. , and Hartmann G.H. (1998). ‘Carbon beam dosimetry intercomparison at HIMAC,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 3459–3463.

Gueulette J. , Octave-Prignot M. , De Costera B.M. , Wambersie A. and Gregoire V. (2004). ‘Intestinal crypt regeneration in mice: a biological system for quality assurance in non-conventional radiation therapy,’ Radiother. Oncol. 73, S148–S154.

Henkner K. , Winter M. , Echner G. , Ackermann B. , Brons S. , Horn J. , Jäkel O. , and Karger C.P. (2015). ‘A motorized solid-state phantom for patient-specific dose verification in ion beam radiotherapy,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 60, 7151–7163.

Huq M.S. , Fraass B.A. , Dunscombe P.B. , Gibbons J.P. , Ibbott G.S. , Mundt A.J. , Mutic S. , Palta J.R. , Rath F. , and Thomadsen B.R. (2016). ‘The report of Task Group 100 of the AAPM: application of risk analysis methods to radiation therapy quality management,’ Med. Phys. 43, 4209–4262.

IAEA (2004). International Atomic Energy Agency. Commissioning and Quality Assurance of Computerized Planning Systems for Radiation Treatment of Cancer. IAEA TRS-340 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna).

IAEA (2007). International Atomic Energy Agency. Specification and Acceptance Testing of Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Systems. IAEA TECDOC-1540 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna).

ICRU (2007). International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Proton-Beam Therapy. ICRU Report 78, J. ICRU Vol. 7(2) (Oxford University Press, Oxford).

IEC (2007). International Electrotechnical Commission. Medical Electrical Equipment - Medical Electron Accelerators—Functional Performance Characteristics. IEC 60976:2007 (International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva).

IEC (2014). International Electrotechnical Commission. Medical Electrical Equipment—Part 2–64: Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Light Ion Beam Medical Electrical Equipment. IEC 60601-2-64:2014 (International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva).

Jäkel O. (2006). ‘Ranges of ions in metals for use in particle treatment planning,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 51, N173–N177.

Jäkel O. , and Reiss P. (2007). ‘The influence of metal artefacts on the range of ion beams,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 52, 635–644.

Jäkel O. , Hartmann G.H. , Karger C.P. , Heeg P. , and Rassow J. (2000). ‘Quality assurance for a treatment planning system in scanned ion beam therapy,’ Med. Phys. 27, 1588–1600.

Jäkel O. , Jacob C. , Schardt D. , Karger C.P. , and Hartmann G.H. (2001). ‘Relation between carbon ion ranges and x-ray CT numbers,’ Med. Phys. 28, 701–703.

JASTRO (2004). Japanese Association of Therapeutical Radiation Oncology. Guidelines of Physical and Technological Quality Assurance for Particle Beam Therapy. (Japan Society of Medical Physics, Chiba).

Kanematsu N. , Matsufuji N. , Kohno R. , Minohara S. , and Kanai T. (2003). ‘A CT calibration method based on the polybinary tissue model for radiotherapy treatment planning,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 48, 1053–1064.

Karger C.P. , Jäkel O. , and Hartmann G.H. (1999). ‘A system for three-dimensional dosimetric verification of treatment plans in intensity-modulated radiotherapy with heavy ions,’ Med. Phys. 26, 2125–2132.

Karger C.P. , Hartmann G.H. , Jäkel O. , and Heeg P. (2000). ‘Quality management of medical physics issues at the German heavy ion therapy project,’ Med. Phys. 27, 725–736.

Karger C.P. , Jäkel O. , Palmans H. and Kanai T. (2010). ‘Dosimetry for ion beam radiotherapy,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 55, R193–R234.

Klein E.E. , Hanley J. , Bayouth J. , Yin F.F. , Simon W. , Dresser S. , Serago C. , Aguirre F. , Ma L. and Arjomandy B. (2009). ‘AAPM Task Group 142 report: quality assurance of medical accelerators,’ Med. Phys. 36, 4197–4212.

Kusano Y. , Kanai T. , Yonai S. , Komori M. , Ikeda N. , Tachikawa Y. , Ito A. , and Uchida H. (2007). ‘Field-size dependence of doses of therapeutic carbon beams,’ Med. Phys. 34, 4016–4022.

Leer J.W. , Corver R. , Kraus J.J. , vd Togt J.C. , and Buruma O.J. (1995). ‘A quality assurance system based on ISO standards: experience in a radiotherapy department,’ Radiother. Oncol. 35, 75–81.

Lomax A.J. , Bohringer T. , Bolsi A. , Coray D. , Emert F. , Goitein G. , Jermann M. , Lin S. , Pedroni E. , Rutz H. , Stadelmann O. , Timmermann B. , Verwey J. , and Weber D.C. (2004). ‘Treatment planning and verification of proton therapy using spot scanning: initial experiences,’ Med. Phys. 31, 3150–3157.

Martisikova M. , Brons S. , Hesse B.M. , and Jäkel O. (2013). ‘High-resolution fluence verification for treatment plan specific QA in ion beam radiotherapy,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 58, 1725–1738.

Matsufuji N. , Tomura H. , Futami Y. , Yamashita H. , Higashi A. , Minohara S. , Endo M. , and Kanai T. (1998). ‘Relationship between CT number and electron density, scatter angle and nuclear reaction for hadron-therapy treatment planning,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 3261–3275.

Miller D.W. , Bloch P.H. , Cunningham J.R. , Curran B.H. , Ibbott G.S. , Jones D. , Jucius S.Z. , Leavitt D.D. , Mohan R. , and van de Geijin J. (1995). AAPM Report No. 55 - Radiation Treatment Planning Dosimetry Verification. (Woodbury, NY).

Mirandola A. , Molinelli S. , Freixas G.V. , Mairani A. , Gallio E. , Panizza D. , Russo S. , Ciocca M. , Donetti M. , Magro G. , Giordanengo S. , and Orecchia R. (2015). ‘Dosimetric commissioning and quality assurance of scanned ion beams at the Italian National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy,’ Med. Phys. 42, 5287–5300.

Möhler C. , Wohlfahrt P. , Richter C. , and Greilich S. (2016). ‘Range prediction for tissue mixtures based on dual-energy CT,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 61, N268–N275.

Mori S. , Shibayama K. , Tanimoto K. , Kumagai M. , Matsuzaki Y. , Furukawa T. , Inaniwa T. , Shirai T. , Noda K. , Tsuji H. , and Kamada T. (2012). ‘First clinical experience in carbon ion scanning beam therapy: retrospective analysis of patient positional accuracy,’ J. Radiat. Res. 53, 760–768.

Moyers M.F. , and Lesyna W. (2004). ‘Isocenter characteristics of an external ring proton gantry,’ Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 60, 1622–1630.

Nairz O. , Winter M. , Heeg P. , and Jäkel O. (2013). ‘Accuracy of robotic patient positioners used in ion beam therapy,’ Radiat. Oncol. 8, 124.

Niebuhr N.I. , Johnen W. , Güldaglar T. , Runz A. , Echner G. , Mann P. , Möhler C. , Pfaffenberger A. , Jäkel O. and Greilich S. (2016). ‘Technical note: radiological properties of tissue surrogates used in a multimodality deformable pelvic phantom for MR‐guided radiotherapy,’ Med. Phys. 43, 908–916.

Nischwitz S.P. , Bauer J. , Welzel T. , Rief H. , Jäkel O. , Haberer T. , Frey K. , Debus J. , Parodi K. , Combs S.E. , and Rieken S. (2015). ‘Clinical implementation and range evaluation of in vivo PET dosimetry for particle irradiation in patients with primary glioma,’ Radiother. Oncol. 115, 179–185.

Richter C. , Pausch G. , Barczyk S. , Priegnitz M. , Keitz I. , Thiele J. , Smeets J. , Stappen F.V. , Bombelli L. , Fiorini C. , Hotoiu L. , Perali I. , Prieels D. , Enghardt W. , and Baumann M. (2016). ‘First clinical application of a prompt gamma based in vivo proton range verification system,’ Radiother. Oncol. 118, 232–237.

Rietzel E. , Schardt D. , and Haberer T. (2007). ‘Range accuracy in carbon ion treatment planning based on CT-calibration with real tissue samples,’ Radiat. Oncol. 2, 14.

Schneider U. , Pedroni E. , and Lomax A. (1996). ‘The calibration of CT Hounsfield units for radiotherapy treatment planning,’ Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 111–124.

Uzawa A. , Ando K. , Koike S. , Furusawa Y. , Matsumoto Y. , Takai N. , Hirayama R. , Watanabe M. , Scholz M. , Elsässer T. , and Peschke P. (2009). ‘Comparison of biological effectiveness of carbon-ion beams in Japan and Germany,’ Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 73, 1545–1551.

Wertz H. , and Jäkel O. (2004). ‘Influence of iodine contrast agent on the range of ion beams for radiotherapy,’ Med. Phys. 31, 767–773.

Zhu X.R. , Poenisch F. , Song X. , Johnson J.L. , Ciangaru G. , Taylor M.B. , Lii M. , Martin C. , Arjomandy B. , Lee A.K. , Choi S. , Nguyen Q.N. , Gillin M.T. , and Sahoo N. (2011). ‘Patient-specific quality assurance for prostate cancer patients receiving spot scanning proton therapy using single-field uniform dose,’ Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 81, 552–559.