Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a spectrum of disorders that includes stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). CVD is the UK's biggest cause of death, with over 191 000 deaths a year. The extent to which CVD affects the health of the population and the financial burden this places on the National Health Service (NHS) makes it an important modifiable disease. Preventing CVD is now a significant role of the general practice team.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlbertiK.G.ZimmetP.ShawJ.Metabolic syndrome: a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetic Medicine (2006) 23 (5): p. 469–80 Retrieved from www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x/pdf [date last accessed 09.03.2011].
2.
BaigentC.BlackwellL.CollinsR.Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet (2009) 373 (9678): p. 1849–60.
3.
BrindleP.BeswickA.FaheyT.EbrahimS.Accuracy and impact of risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Heart (2006) 92 (12): p. 1752–59.
4.
British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, HEART UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, et al. JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart (2005) 91(suppl): 5): p. v1–52.
De BerardisG.SaccoM.StrippoliG.F.M.Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal (2009) 339: p. 4531–31.
Diabetes Trials Unit. UKPDS risk engine (2001). Retrieved from www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/riskengine/ [date last accessed 29.6.2011].
11.
Di CastelnuovoA.RotondoS.IacovielloL.DonatiM.B.de GaetanoG.Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation (2002). 105 (24): p. 2836–44 Retrieved from www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/105/24/2836 [date last accessed 09.03.2011].
12.
GallowayC.F.StevensonJ.C.Aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Maturitas (2011) 68 (1): p. 3–4.
13.
GrahamI.AtarD.Borch-JohnsenK.European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). European Heart Journal (2007) 28 (19): p. 2375–414.
14.
GrundyS.M.Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation (2005) 112 (17): p. 2735–52.
15.
HeF.J.NowsonC.A.LucasM.MacGregorG.A.Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Journal of Human Hypertension (2007) 21 (9): p. 717–28.
16.
KatanM.B.MozaffarianD.MichaR.WallaceS.Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Medicine (2010) 7 (3): p. e1000252.
17.
KokkinosP.MyersJ.Exercise and physical activity: clinical outcomes and applications. Circulation (2010) 122 (16): p. 1637–48.
18.
Luengo-FernandezR.Cost of cardiovascular diseases in the United Kingdom. Heart (2006) 92 (10): p. 1384–89.
19.
MuchiteniT.BordenW.B.Improving risk factor modification: a global approach. Current Cardiology Reports (2009) 11 (6): p. 476–83.
20.
National Cholesterol Education Program. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation (2002) 106 (25): p. 3143–421 Retrieved from www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143 [date last accessed 09.03.2011].
21.
NHS Information Centre. Health survey for England volume 1 cardiovascular disease and risk factors in adults (2006). Retrieved from www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/hse06cvdandriskfactors [date last accessed 3.3.2011].
NICE. Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2008). Retrieved from www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG67NICEguideline.pdf [date last accessed 3.3.2011].
RosengrenA.HawkenS.OunpuuS.Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet (2004) 364 (9438): p. 953–62.
28.
SIGN. Risk estimation and prevention of cardiovascular disease. National clinical guidelines (2007). Retrieved from www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign97.pdf[date last accessed 3.3.2011].
29.
Siri-TarinoP.W.SunQ.HuF.B.KraussR.M.Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 91 (3): p. 535–46.
30.
StorrE.Motivational interviewing: a positive approach. InnovAiT (2011) 4 (9): p. 533–538.
31.
TavazziL.MaggioniA.P.MarchioliR.Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (2008) 372 (9645): p. 1223–30.
32.
WilliamsB.PoulterN.R.BrownM.J.Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004—BHS IV. Journal of Human Hypertension (2004) 18 (3): p. 139–85.
33.
WoodD.A.Guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management. European Heart Journal Supplements (2005) 7 (suppl L): p. L5–10.
34.
YusufS.HawkenS.OunpuuS.Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet (2004) 364 (9438): p. 937–52.