Abstract
Objective:
This study demonstrates that superior outcomes are possible when diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are managed with tri-layer porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS).
Approach:
Patients with DFU from 11 centers participated in this prospective randomized controlled trial. Qualified subjects were randomized (1:1) to either SIS or standard care (SC) selected at the discretion of the Investigator and followed for 12 weeks or complete ulcer closure.
Results:
Eighty-two subjects (41 in each group) were evaluable in the intent-to-treat analysis. Ulcers managed with SIS had a significantly greater proportion closed by 12 weeks than for the Control group (54% vs. 32%, p=0.021) and this proportion was numerically higher at all visits. Time to closure for ulcers achieving closure was 2 weeks earlier for the SIS group than for SC. Median reduction in ulcer area was significantly greater for SIS at each weekly visit (all p values<0.05). Review of reported adverse events found no safety concerns.
Innovation:
These data support the use of tri-layer SIS for the effective management of DFU.
Conclusion:
In this randomized controlled trial, SIS was found to be associated with more rapid improvement, and a higher likelihood of achieving complete ulcer closure than those ulcers treated with SC.
Introduction
The goal of DFU management is to promote rapid and complete reepithelialization to minimize the risk of ulcer complications and to restore the patient's quality of life to a “pre-ulcer” status. Successful management of DFU must address several deficits inherent to these ulcers. These factors may include any or all of the following: poor blood glucose control, necrotic tissue, infection, poor or no off-loading, chronic inflammation, and inadequate perfusion. Many ulcers fail to make progress toward healing despite the best efforts made to address these contributing problems. Good standard care (SC), that is, debridement of necrotic tissue, infection control, off-loading, and maintenance of a moist wound environment has been reported to result in the healing of about one-fourth to one-half of DFU by 20 weeks. 7,8 Some gains have been made through the use of approaches such as “living skin equivalents” or “dermal substitutes,” for example, Marston; 9 however, the cost of these therapies can be a barrier to widespread use and the incremental benefit above SC have generally been modest. Clearly, an alternative method of ulcer management that leads to superior outcomes and at a reasonable cost would be highly desirable.
One such alternative is tri-layer porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS) (OASIS® Ultra; Cook Biotech, Inc., West Lafayette, IN; exclusively marketed by Smith and Nephew, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). SIS is a three-dimensional biomaterial ∼0.30 mm thick consisting of a biocompatible, acellular, collagen-based (predominantly types I, III, and V) extracellular matrix (ECM). The material possesses several advantages including relative low cost, long shelf life, storage at room temperature, low risk of immunological reaction, and the retention of the natural ECM architecture. 10 Single-layer porcine SIS has been successfully used for the management of many types of cutaneous wounds including venous/arterial ulcers and DFU. 11,12 A reasonable hypothesis for the efficacy of the product is that the three-dimensional natural architecture provides an appropriate environment for infiltrating cells, 10 however, it is also likely that the SIS composition, including collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins, closely mimics normal skin ECM function. 13,14
Tri-layer SIS has not been previously evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that superior outcomes are possible when DFU are managed with tri-layer SIS. The results presented below provide support for this objective.
Clinical Problem Addressed
DFU pose several challenges for the practitioner. Contributing factors will very likely remain ongoing as various therapies are employed in the effort to heal. It is critically important for the well-being of the patient not only to heal these ulcers, but to heal them rapidly to avoid the pernicious sequelae of amputation and, in some cases, death. This trial demonstrates that management of these ulcers with SIS can provide outcomes significantly better than obtained with usual SC in terms of both closure and time to closure.
Materials and Methods
Study participants
Eligible patients were 18 years or older with a diagnosis of type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus requiring medications to control blood glucose levels. Subjects were required to have a neuropathic foot ulcer on the plantar surface >6-week and ≤1 year duration between 0.5 and 10 cm2 in area. Additional requirements were adequate perfusion to the affected foot, no clinical signs or symptoms of ulcer infection, serum albumin ≥2.0 g/dL, serum pre-albumin ≥10 mg/dL, and HbA1c ≤12%.
Ethics statement
This study was performed in compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. The study protocol, investigators, and consent documents were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB, Sterling IRB, Atlanta, GA), and all patients provided written informed consent before taking part in the study. This study was registered at
Study design
This was a randomized, parallel group, open-label, multicenter, 16-week clinical study (including a 12-week treatment period, Figs. 1 and 2) designed to compare clinical outcomes for DFU managed with tri-layer porcine SIS, or with SC as selected by the Investigator. The study was carried out at 11 sites in California, Indiana, Louisiana, Texas, and Virginia. The study was conducted between May 2013 and July 2014. Randomization to treatment was centralized using a computer-generated sequence with treatment assignment made by the electronic data capture system at the randomization visit. Subjects were thus randomized to treatment in the order they qualified across all study sites. Randomization was stratified by wound size (0.5–2.0 cm2, and >2.0 cm2) to prevent dissimilar ulcer size distributions between the two treatment groups. The trial was open-label because of obvious dissimilarities between SIS and the various SC treatments.
CONSORT flow diagram. SIS, tri-layer porcine small intestine submucosa. Standard care, standard care as selected by Investigator. All patients randomized were included in the intent-to-treat data set, which was used for primary inference.
Study schematic. SIS, tri-layer porcine small intestine submucosa. Standard care, standard care as selected by Investigator.
Patients were evaluated for eligibility at a screening visit that included assessment of hematology and blood chemistry. Basic demographic information included self-reported race, ethnicity, and gender. Eligible patients reported for the baseline/randomization visit from 1 to 8 days later. Ulcers were surgically debrided and callus was removed as appropriate followed by baseline wound area measurement. All patients were provided with an offloading device (Darco, Huntington, WV) that they were required to wear. Patients were then randomly assigned to treatment in an equal allocation ratio to either the SIS group or to the control group.
Patients returned weekly for 12 weeks for ulcer assessment/measurement, recording of any adverse events (AE) that may have occurred, debridement (for SC patients only, sharp debridement was not allowed in the SIS group), and application of SIS or the assigned SC. At the end of 12 weeks, or at any other visit for a patient achieving closure, patients entered a follow-up period returning after an additional 4 weeks. For ulcers not closed during the treatment period, there were no restrictions on permissible ulcer treatments. The follow-up period was designed to assess durability of closures achieved during the treatment period, record additional closures, and to follow any ongoing AE.
SIS was applied once each week to ulcers following cleansing with sterile saline. The matrix was cut so that there was an approximate 1/8 inch overlap on the wound edge, secured with adhesive tape (Steri-Strips™), moistened with saline, and covered with a non-adherent dressing (Mepitel™), a foam dressing (Allevyn™), and maintained in place with a self-adherent wrap bandage (Coban™). Steri-Strips™ and Coban™ are products of 3M Co (St. Paul, MN). Mepitel™ is a product of Mölnlycke Healthcare (Gothenburg, Sweden). Allevyn™ is a product of Smith and Nephew, Inc. (Hull, United Kingdom). Patients randomized to the control group received wound care/dressings as deemed appropriate by the Investigator with the exception of enzymatic debridement, growth factors, skin equivalents or dermal substitutes, topical antibiotics, and hyperbaric or negative pressure therapies. A listing of the care provided in the control group is given in Fig. 3.
Standard care selected by the Investigator; numerals indicate number of patients treated with various standard care choices.
Sample size
Based on published data for the single-layer matrix product, 11,12 it was assumed that there would be a 30% difference in proportion of closed ulcers at 12 weeks between SIS and SC. A sample size of 49 subjects per group was planned to provide a statistical power of 80% with α=0.05 (two-sided). The sample size estimate was revised downward to 40 subjects per group following a preplanned interim analysis when the first 40 subjects enrolled had completed treatment.
Endpoints
The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects with complete ulcer closure over the 12-week treatment period. Secondary efficacy variables included time in days to complete ulcer closure over the treatment period, percent change in ulcer area from baseline for each visit, proportion of subjects with complete ulcer closure at each visit, and durability of closure/additional new closures recorded at the 16-week follow-up visit.
Study assessments
Ulcer area was measured at each study visit using the ARANZ Silhouette™ digital image capture and wound measurement device (ARANZ Medical, Christchurch, New Zealand). Ulcer closure was defined as 100% reepithelialization, no drainage, and no need for a dressing. Neuropathy was confirmed at screening by subject inability to perceive 10 g pressure using a nylon monofilament on five plantar areas of the foot: great toe, the first, third, and fifth metatarsal heads, and the fourth digit. A subject's foot was considered neuropathic if at least three of the tested areas had no sensation. Adequate perfusion to the affected foot was confirmed by ankle/brachial index >0.7, or alternatively, a transcutaneous oxygen pressure >40 mm Hg, a great toe pressure of >40 mm Hg, or a Doppler waveform consistent with adequate blood flow.
Safety was assessed through analysis of AE, both volunteered and elicited. AE were collected from the date a subject provided informed consent through follow-up and exit from the study.
Statistical analysis
SAS® Version 9.0 was utilized to perform the statistical analysis. Hypothesis testing was performed at the 5% significance level. The intent-to-treat (ITT) population, defined as all of the randomized subjects, was used for primary inference. Proportion of subjects with complete ulcer closure over the 12-week treatment period was evaluated using the non-parametric Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test with adjustment for site. The primary endpoint was also analyzed for the per protocol (PP) population and for race, age, and gender subgroups; results for PP and these subgroups were found to be similar to the ITT results presented below.
Time in days to complete ulcer closure over the treatment period was analyzed using the Cox regression/proportional hazards model. Treatment was included as the main predictor, whereas subject baseline wound size and duration were included as covariates. Percent change in ulcer area from baseline for each visit was compared for between-group differences using a two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The ANCOVA model included treatment group, pooled site, and baseline ulcer size as covariates. The CMH test was used to examine treatment effects on the proportion of subjects with complete ulcer closure at each visit and to evaluate durability of closure/additional new closures recorded at the 16-week follow-up visit (4 weeks post-treatment).
The overall treatment effect on proportion of ulcers closed over the entire 12 weeks and the interaction of treatment by week was evaluated using the general estimation equation model. 15
Missing data due to either missed visits or because of ulcer closure or exit from the study before week 12 were imputed by the method of last observation carried forward.
Results
A total of 82 patients provided informed consent and were randomized to treatment; 41 in each treatment group. All 82 patients were considered evaluable for the ITT analysis. Table 1 summarizes the demographic and wound characteristics for the study population. The majority of subjects were <65 years of age (78%), male (76%), white (81%), and non-Hispanic/Latino (68%). Study wounds were generally small with a median area of 1.1 cm2 (mean area=2.3 cm2) and a median duration of 18 weeks (mean duration=21.8 weeks). There were no significant differences between treatment groups for any of these parameters.
Demographics and baseline wound characteristics
Min and Max exceed the inclusion range (0.5–10 cm2) because of ulcer changes between screening visit and subject randomization.
SIS, tri-layer small intestine submucosa; SC, standard care as selected by the Investigator; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Proportion of patients with closed ulcers at 12 weeks
A significantly greater proportion of ulcers were closed by week 12 for the SIS group than for the SC group (54%, N=22 vs. 32%, N=13; p=0.021), a difference of 22% (Fig. 4). Similar differences between the groups in proportion closed were consistently observed in the subgroup analyses; males, 27% greater for SIS (p=0.024), females, 20%, Caucasian patients, 22% (p=0.042), non-Caucasian patients, 25%, patients 50 years of age or older, 15%, and patients <50 years of age, 40%.
Proportion of closed ulcers at each visit. Tri-layer SIS, tri-layer porcine small intestine submucosa; standard care, standard care as selected by Investigator.
Time in days to complete ulcer closure
Cox regression analysis demonstrated that treatment group assignment was the most important predictor of closure over the treatment period with a hazard ratio of 2.005 (p=0.049). Ulcer duration was found to have a modest, but significant, negative association with closure (hazard ratio 0.964, p=0.018). Kaplan–Meier survivor analysis shows that the probability of closure at week 12 was 62% for the SIS group compared with 40% for SC. Median time to closure was 12 weeks for SIS. Median time to closure could not be calculated for SC as less than half had closed by the end of treatment. Considering only those ulcers that did close, median time to closure was 9 weeks for SIS versus 11 weeks for SC.
Percent change in ulcer area
Median percent change (reduction) in ulcer area for each visit was greater for SIS than for SC at all treatment visits (all p values<0.05, Fig. 5) beginning as early as 1 week post-baseline (SIS—34%, SC—15%) and continuing through to week 12 (SIS—100%, SC—70%).
Median percent change in ulcer area from baseline. Tri-layer SIS, tri-layer porcine small intestine submucosa; standard care, standard care as selected by Investigator.
Proportion of ulcers closed at each visit
There were more ulcers closed at each study visit for SIS than for SC beginning at week 3 when the first three ulcers had closed, all in the SIS group (Fig. 4). The difference in proportion closed was statistically significant at two of the visits, week 5 (p=0.027) and week 12 (p=0.021). Overall treatment effect on proportion closed over the entire 12 weeks and the interaction of treatment by week was also found to be statistically significant (p=0.047) in favor of the SIS group.
Durability of closure and additional closures
Patients completing the treatment period returned after an additional 4 weeks to assess durability of closure for ulcers that had closed by week 12, and to record new closures that may have occurred. The number of ulcers closed at the 16-week follow-up visit remained unchanged for both the SIS and SC groups (SIS=22, SC=13), however, there were ulcer recurrences and new closures for both groups. Five ulcers reopened in the SIS group while there were five new closures. One ulcer reopened in the SC group with one new closure recorded.
Adverse events
AE were obtained as solicited comments from study patients and as observations by the Investigator. Similar to studies of pharmaceutical agents, AE were defined as any untoward change (expected or unexpected) in a subject's medical health that occurred after informed consent had been obtained. AE were distributed evenly across both treatment groups with 26 patients in each group experiencing AE (63%, each group). All of these AE are common to the patient population under study and only one, for “maceration” of the periwound area was considered to be related to study treatment (SIS) by the Investigator. This AE was mild in severity and was resolved ∼1 week after cessation of treatment.
Discussion
DFU are difficult to heal and may often become chronic or “stalled.” The microenvironment of the wound bed for a chronic or stalled ulcer is very different from that of an acute or healing ulcer, typically with high levels of inflammatory mediators and proteases. 16,17 The ECM is of key importance in orchestrating epithelialization and angiogenesis of the healing wound. 13 In addition to contributing to tissue structural integrity and strength, the matrix provides a framework for ingrowth of vascular endothelial cells and providing an appropriate substrate for keratinocyte migration and attachment. 10 Proteoglycans of the matrix are important in the maintenance of water balance. ECM proteins also bind and sequester growth factors, functioning as a depot. 14 Given the importance of the ECM it is not surprising that non-healing diabetic ulcers have a generally aberrant ECM in which the component proteins have been modified by glycation, oxidation, and proteolytic attack from endogenous matrix metalloproteinases. 13,18 There is also a deficit in the formation of new ECM in DFU due to both diminished synthesis and an increased rate of removal resulting from the highly proteolytic environment. 19,20
It is an accepted tenet that for a wound to close inflammation must subside and healthy granulation tissue must be formed. 21 It may be that application of an ECM material such as SIS helps to address this imbalance between formation and destruction of ECM in the wound bed. SIS may tip the balance away from the proinflammatory, proteolytic status quo of the chronic wound to an environment more supportive of vascular ingrowth and, ultimately, epithelium formation. The clinical data of this study are consistent with this hypothesis. As early as 1 week following randomization, there was a significant difference in the percent reduction in ulcer area for the ulcers managed with SIS and those managed with SC (33% vs. 13%, p=0.017) while closure was first achieved for three ulcers at week 3, all in the “SIS managed” group. Indeed, the group managed with SIS had consistently better outcomes throughout the study in terms of proportion closed, reduction in size, and time to closure. The populations randomized to either SIS or to SC were not found to significantly differ in any of the baseline demographic or ulcer characteristics measured. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to conclude that it was the different management methods employed that led to these disparate outcomes. This is not to say that wounds managed with passive SC methods primarily aimed at maintenance of a moist wound environment will not close; in fact 32% did achieve closure by week 12 and although this percentage was unchanged at week 16, given sufficient time additional closures may have occurred. The important point is that as long as a DFU remains open, it is at risk of becoming infected and the patient is at risk of complications that may be as serious as loss of a limb and even death. Patients whose DFU were managed with SIS were, on average, more rapidly closed, and more likely to close than their counterparts managed with SC.
A limitation of this study is the unblinded design. This was chosen intentionally to allow clinically relevant SC in the control group. Treatment allocation bias was controlled through randomization and bias in outcomes through the use of objective endpoints (e.g., closure) or measurements made with a digital wound measurement device (ARANZ Medical). Post-treatment follow-up was limited to 4 weeks, which may not be of sufficient length to fairly evaluate durability of closure. However, this, in our view, affects both groups equally. The authors are unaware of any biological differences in reepithelialization attributable to the management regimen and therefore do not feel that the short follow-up provides an advantage to either treatment group. The diversity of SC therapies allowed in the control group could be considered a weakness; however, the fact is that there is not a single accepted SC treatment consistently employed even among those considered expert in the wound-healing field. Allowing the study Investigators to choose the SC they believed to be most appropriate was, in our view, the most relevant and “real-world” control group possible.
• More DFU were closed with tri-layer SIS than with SC chosen by the Investigators.
• Of the ulcers that closed, the median time to closure was 2 weeks earlier for ulcers managed with tri-layer SIS.
• The chance of DFU closure was two times greater when tri-layer SIS was applied compared to SC.
This study provides Level I evidence 22 regarding the outcomes that can be achieved in the management of DFU with tri-layer SIS, outcomes found to be significantly better than those associated with investigator-selected SC. More DFU managed with SIS achieved closure, and did so more rapidly than ulcers managed with SC. Faster, more predictable closure is surely the aim of all wound care practitioners.
Innovation
DFU are among the most difficult wounds to heal and are a substantial challenge for the wound care practitioner. Tri-layer SIS is a novel product indicated for the management of various types of wounds, including DFU. This clinical trial provides Level I evidence of the effective management of DFU with tri-layer SIS; DFU were over twice as likely to close when managed with SIS as compared to SC.
Footnotes
Acknowledgments and Funding Sources
This research study was sponsored by Smith and Nephew.
Author Disclosure and Ghostwriting
Dr. S.M.C. was a principal investigator on this clinical study funded by Smith and Nephew. Drs. J.E.D., D.L.L., and H.B.S. are employees of Smith and Nephew. No ghostwriter was used for the preparation of this article.
About the Authors