Rotavirus is the most important cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. In developing countries, the virus is a major cause of death in infants and young children. In the United States, before the licensure of vaccines, rotavirus infections accounted for ∼2.7 million cases of gastroenteritis annually. Here are described the history and challenges surrounding the development of a rotavirus vaccine.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BernC, MartinesJde ZoysaI, et al.The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease: a ten-year update. Bull World Health Organ, 1992; 70:705–714.
2.
BernsteinDI, GlassR, RodgersG, et al.Evaluation of rhesus rotavirus monovalent and tetravalent reassortant vaccines in U.S. children. J Am Med Assoc, 1995; 273:1191–1196.
3.
BernsteinDI, SanderDS, SmithVE, et al.Protection from rotavirus reinfection: 2-year prospective study. J Infect Dis, 1991; 164:277–283.
4.
BernsteinDI, SmithVE, SanderDS, et al.Evaluation of WC3 rotavirus vaccine and correlates of protection in healthy infants. J Infect Dis, 1990; 162:1055–1062.
5.
BishopR, BarnesG, CiprianiE, and LundJ. Clinical immunity after neonatal rotavirus infection: a prospective longitudinal study in young children. N Engl J Med, 1983; 309:72–76.
6.
BrandtCD, KimHW, RodriguezJO, et al.Pediatric viral gastroenteritis during eight years of study. J Clin Microbiol, 1983; 18:71–78.
7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rotavirus vaccine for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children—recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1999; 48:1–23.
8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Intussusception among recipients of rotavirus vaccine—United States, 1998–1999. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1999; 48:577–581.
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Withdrawal of rotavirus vaccine recommendation. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1999; 48:1007.
10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Delayed onset and diminished magnitude of rotavirus activity—United States, November 2007–May 2008. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2008; 57:1–2.
11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Morb Mortal Week Rep, 2009; 58:1–24.
12.
ClarkHF, BorianFE, BellLM, et al.Protective effect of WC3 vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants during a predominantly serotype 1 rotavirus season. J Infect Dis, 1988; 158:570–587.
13.
ClarkHF, FurukawaT, BellLM, et al.Immune response of infants and children to low-passage bovine rotavirus (strain WC3). Am J Dis Child, 1986; 140:350–356.
14.
CoulsonB, GrimwoodK, HudsonI, et al.Role of coproantibody in clinical protection of children during reinfection with rotavirus. J Clin Microbiol, 1992; 30:1678–1684.
15.
De ZoysaI, and FeachemRG. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: rotavirus and cholera immunization. Bull World Health Organ, 1985; 63:569–583.
16.
FisherTK, Valentiner-BranthP, SteinslandH, et al.Protective immunity after natural rotavirus infection: a community cohort study of newborn children in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. J Infect Dis, 2002; 186: 593–597.
17.
Georges-CourbotMC, MongesJ, SiopathisMR, et al.Evaluation of the efficacy of a low-passage bovine rotavirus (strain WC3) vaccine in children in Central Africa. Res Virol, 1991; 142:405–411.
18.
GlassRI, KilgorePE, HolmanRC, et al.The epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in the United States: surveillance and estimates of disease burden. J Infect Dis, 1996; 174 (suppl 1):S5–S11.
19.
HoshinoY, SerenoM, MidthunK, et al.Independent segregation of two antigenic specificities (VP3 and VP7) involved in neutralization of rotavirus infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1985; 82:8701–8704.
20.
HoshinoY, SerenoMM, KapikianAZ, et al.Genetic determinants of rotavirus virulence studied in gnotobiotic piglets. GinsbergH. S. (ed.) In: Vaccines 93. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993:277–282.
21.
HoshinoY, WyattRG, and GreenbergHB. Serotypic similarity and diversity of rotaviruses of mammalian and avian origin as studied by plaque reduction neutralization. J Infect Dis, 1984; 149:694–702.
22.
JoensuuJ, KoskenniemiE, PangXL, et al.Randomized placebo-controlled trial of rhesus human reassortant rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Lancet, 1997; 35:1205–1209.
23.
KilgorePE, HolmanRC, ClarkeMJ, et al.Trends of diarrheal disease-associated mortality in U.S. children, 1968 through 1991. J Am Med Assoc, 1995; 274:1143–1148.
24.
KramarzP, FranceEK, DestefanoF, et al.Population-based study of rotavirus vaccination and intussusception. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2001; 20:410–416.
25.
MatsonDO, O'RyanML, HerreraI, et al.Fecal antibody responses to symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus infections. J Infect Dis, 1993; 167:577–583.
26.
MoserCA, CoffinSE, CookinhamS, and OffitPA. Relative importance of rotavirus-specific effector and memory B cell responses in protection against challenge. J Virol, 1998; 72:1108–1114.
27.
MurphyTV, GargiulloPM, MassoudiMS, et al.Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med, 2001; 344:564–572.
28.
MurrayCJ, and LopezAD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: global burden of disease study. Lancet, 1997; 349:1436–1442.
29.
OffitPA, and BlavatG. Identification of the two rotavirus genes determining neutralization specificities. J Virol, 1986; 57:376–378.
30.
OffitPA, and ClarkHF. Protection against rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis in a murine model by passively-acquired gastrointestinal but not circulating antibodies. J Virol, 1985; 54:58–64.
31.
OffitPA, ClarkHF, KornsteinM, and PlotkinSA. A murine model for oral infection with a primate rotavirus (simian strain SA-11). J Virol, 1984; 51:233–236.
Pérez-SchaelI, GuntiñasMJ, PérezM, et al.Efficacy of the rhesus rotavirus-based quadrivalent vaccine in infants and young children in Venezuela. N Engl J Med, 1997; 337:1181–1187.
34.
RennelsMB, GlassRI, DennehyPH, et al.Safety and efficacy of high-dose rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines—report of the National Multicenter Trial. Pediatrics, 1996; 97:7–13.
35.
RodriguezW, KimH, ArrobioJ, et al.Clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with human reovirus-like agent in infants and young children. J Pediatr, 1977; 91:188–193.
36.
SantoshamM, MoultonLH, ReidR, et al.Efficacy and safety of high-dose rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine in Native American populations. J Pediatr, 1997; 131:632–638.
37.
SnyderJD, and MersonMH. The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data. Bull World Health Organ, 1982; 60:605–613.
38.
VelazquezFR, MatsonDO, CalvaJJ, et al.Rotavirus infections in infants as protection against subsequent infections. N Engl J Med, 1996; 335:1022–1028.
39.
VesikariT, MatsonDO, DennehyP, et al.Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med, 2006; 354:23–33.
40.
WalshJA, and WarrenKS. Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N Engl J Med, 1979; 301:967–974.
41.
WardRL, and BernsteinD. Protection against rotavirus disease after natural infection. J Infect Dis, 1994; 169:900–904.
