This study aimed to identify factors associated with forms of abuse (economic, emotional/psychological, physical, and sexual) in a population of 668 transgender and gender diverse (TGD) young adults conducted in 2020. Chi-square analyses and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted to measure the association between various sociodemographic indicators and self-reported abuse. More than 90% of participants reported ever experiencing any form of abuse. Housing status and age were most strongly associated with abuse factors. These findings can be used to advocate for targeted policy improvements and interventions that support TGD individuals and reduce the burden of abuse experienced by this population.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
DahlbergLL, KrugEG. Violence a global public health problem. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva, 2006; 11(2):277–292; doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232006000200007
2.
KrugEG, MercyJA, DahlbergLL, et al.The world report on violence and health. Lancet, 2002; 360(9339):1083–1088; doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
3.
Langenderfer-MagruderL, WhitfieldDL, WallsNE, et al.Experiences of intimate partner violence and subsequent police reporting among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adults in Colorado: Comparing rates of cisgender and transgender victimization. J Interpers Violence, 2016; 31(5):855–871; doi: 10.1177/0886260514556767
4.
SchnarrsPW, StoneAL, SalcidoR, et al.Differences in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and quality of physical and mental health between transgender and cisgender sexual minorities. J Psychiatr Res, 2019; 119:1–6; doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.001
5.
StotzerRL. Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data. Aggress Violent Behav, 2009; 14(3):170–179; doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006
6.
ThomaBC, RezeppaTL, Choukas-BradleyS, et al.Disparities in childhood abuse between transgender and cisgender adolescents. Pediatrics, 2021; 148(2):e2020016907; doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-016907
7.
RaoS, PangoupAT, DakotaRJ, et al.Violence in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer communities: Preliminary findings from New Mexico. Violence Gend, 2019; 6(4):235–237; doi: 10.1089/vio.2019.0036
8.
JamesSE, HermanJL, RankinS, et al.The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. National Center for Transgender Equity: Washington, DC; 2016.
9.
Ben-ShlomoY, KuhD. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. Int J Epidemiol, 2002; 31(2):285–293.
10.
BonnieRJ, StroudC, BreinerH, et al.Summary. In: Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults. National Academies Press (US): Washington, DC; 2015.
11.
VealeJF, PeterT, TraversR, et al.Enacted stigma, mental health, and protective factors among transgender youth in Canada. Transgend Health, 2017; 2(1):207–216; doi: 10.1089/trgh.2017.0031
12.
ArayasirikulS, TurnerC, TrujilloD, et al.A global cautionary tale: Discrimination and violence against trans women worsen despite investments in public resources and improvements in health insurance access and utilization of health care. Int J Equity Health, 2022; 21(1):32; doi: 10.1186/s12939-022-01632-5
13.
BradfordJ, ReisnerSL, HonnoldJA, et al.Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study. Am J Public Health, 2013; 103(10):1820–1829; doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796
14.
Domínguez-MartínezT, RebecaRG, FresánA, et al.Risk factors for violence in transgender people: A retrospective study of experiences during adolescence. Psychol Sex, 2023; 14(4):659–675; doi: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1802772
15.
Adjaye-GbewonyoD, VahratianA, CriaGP, et al.Long COVID in Adults: United States, 2022. NCHS Data Brief, 2023(480):1–8; doi: 10.15620/cdc:132417
16.
VespaJ. The Changing Economics and Demographics of Young Adulthood: 1975–2016. Population Characteristics - Current Population Report. US Census Bureau: Washington, DC; 2017.
17.
ZhaoL, ParkS, WardZJ, et al.State-specific prevalence of severe obesity among adults in the US using bias correction of self-reported body mass index. Prev Chronic Dis, 2023; 20:E61; doi: 10.5888/pcd20.230005
18.
MessingerAM, Guadalupe-DiazXL, KurdylaV. Transgender polyvictimization in the U.S. Transgender Survey. J Interpers Violence, 2022; 37(19–20):NP18810–NP18836; doi: 10.1177/08862605211039250
19.
ScandurraC, MezzaF, MaldonatoNM, et al.Health of non-binary and genderqueer people: A systematic review. Front Psychol, 2019; 10:1453; doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01453
20.
White HughtoJM, ReisnerSL, PachankisJE. Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med, 2015; 147:222–231; doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010
21.
National Center for Transgender Equality. 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey: Nevada State Report. National Center for Transgender Equality: Washington, DC; 2017.
22.
FelittiVJ, AndaRF, NordenbergD, et al.Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. Am J Prev Med, 1998; 14(4):245–258; doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
23.
SolbergMA, CarrKD, PetersRM. Adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes among sexual and gender minorities: A systematic review. J Child Adolesc Trauma, 2024; 17(2):627–639; doi: 10.1007/s40653-023-00576-4
Human Rights Campaign and Trans People of Color Coalition. Addressing Anti-Transgender Violence: Exploring Realities, Challenges and Solutions for Policymakers and Community Advocates. Human Rights Campaign: Washington, DC; 2015.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
