WeetmanAP. 2001. Determinants of autoimmune thyroid disease. Nat Immunol, 2:769–770.
2.
WangC, CrapoLM. 1997. The epidemiology of thyroid disease and implications for screening. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am, 26:189–218.
3.
LaurbergP, JørgensenT, PerrildH, OvesenL, KnudsenN, PedersenIB, RasmussenLB, CarléA, VejbjergP. 2006. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: status and perspectives. Eur J Endocrinol, 155:219–228.
4.
VanderpumpMPJ, TunbridgeWMG, FrenchJM, AppletonD, BatesD, ClarkF, Grimley EvansJ, HasanDM, RodgersH, TunbridgeF, YoungET. 1995. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol, 43:55–68.
5.
TomerY, BanY, ConcepcionE, BarbesinoG, VillanuevaR, GreenbergDA, DaviesTF. 2003. Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families. Am J Hum Genet, 73:736–747.
WeetmanAP. 2000. Graves' disease by any other name. Thyroid, 10:1071–1072.
8.
BrixTH, KyvikKO, ChristensenK, HegedüsL. 2001. Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease—a population based study of two Danish twin cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86:930–934.
9.
PrummelMF, StriederTGA, WiersingaWM. 2004. The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol, 150:605–618.
10.
BrixTH, KyvikKO, HegedüsL. 2000. A population-based study of chronic autoimmune hypothyroidism in Danish twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85:536–539.
11.
BrixTH, HansenPS, KyvikKO, HegedüsL. 2004. Aggregation of thyroid autoantibodies in first-degree relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease is mainly due to genes: a twin study. Clin Endocrinol, 60:329–334.
12.
HansenPS, BrixTH, IachineIA, KyvikKO, HegedüsL. 2006. The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. A study of healthy Danish twins. Eur J Endocrinol, 154:29–38.
13.
BrixTH, KyvikKO, HegedüsL. 1999. Major role of genes in the etiology of simple goiter in females: a population-based twin study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84:3071–3075.
14.
HansenPS, BrixTH, BennedbaekFN, BonnemaSJ, KyvikKO, HegedüsL. 2004. Genetic and environmental causes of individual differences in thyroid size. A study of healthy Danish twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:2071–2077.
15.
HansenPS, BrixTH, BennedbaekFN, BonnemaSJ, IachineIA, KyvikKO, HegedusL. 2005. The relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of thyroid nodularity: a study of healthy Danish twins. Clin Endocrinol, 62:380–386.
16.
BrixTH, KyvikKO, HegedüsL. 1998. What is the evidence of genetic factors in the etiology of Graves' disease? A brief review. Thyroid, 8:627–634.
StriederTG, TijssenJG, WenzelBE, EndertE, WiersingaWM. 2008. Prediction of progression to overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in female relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease using the Thyroid Events Amsterdam (THEA) score. Arch Intern Med, 168:1657–1663.
19.
HemminkiK, LiX, SundquistJ, SundquistK. 2010. The epidemiology of Graves' disease: evidence of a genetic and an environmental contribution. J Autoimmun, 34:J307–J313.
20.
RingoldDA, NicoloffJT, KeslerM, DavisH, HamiltonA, MackT. 2002. Further evidence for a strong genetic influence on the development of autoimmune thyroid disease: The California Twin Study. Thyroid, 12:647–653.
21.
TomerY, HuberA. 2009. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: a story of genes and environment. J Autoimmun, 32:231–239.
22.
SimmondsMJ, GoughSC. 2011. The search for the genetic contribution to autoimmune thyroid disease: the never ending story?Brief Funct Genomics, 10:77–90.
23.
WeetmanAP. 2009. The genetics of autoimmune thyroid disease. Horm Metab Res, 41:421–425.
24.
WalshJP, BerryJ, LiuS, PanickerV, DayanCM, BrixTH, HegedusL, HouP, ShiB, MorahanG. 2011. The clinical presentation of autoimmune thyroid disease in men is associated with IL12B genotype. Clin Endocrinol, 74:508–512.
BrentGA. 2010. Environmental exposures and autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid, 20:755–761.
27.
VestergaardP, RejnmarkL, WeekeJ, HoeckHC, NielsenHK, RungbyJ, LaurbergP, MosekildeL. 2002. Smoking as a risk factor for Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, and autoimmune hypothyroidism. Thyroid, 12:69–75.
28.
HegedüsL, BrixTH, VestergaardP. 2004. Relationship between cigarette smoking and Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest, 27:265–271.
29.
BelinRM, AstorBC, PoweNR, LadensonPW. 2004. Smoke exposure is associated with a lower prevalence of autoantibodies and thyrotropin concentration elevation and a higher prevalence of mild thyrotropin concentration suppression in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:6077–6087.
30.
EffraimidisG, TijssenJG, WiersingaWM. 2009. Discontinuation of smoking increases the risk for developing thyroid peroxidase antibodies and/or thyroglobulin antibodies: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94:1324–1328.
31.
LleoA, BattezzatiPM, SelmiC, GershwinME, PoddaM. 2008. Is autoimmunity a matter of sex?Autoimmun Rev, 7:626–630.
32.
HorwitzD, RefetoffS. 1977. Graves' disease associated with familial deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 44:242–247.
33.
BarbesinoG, TomerY, ConcepcionES, DaviesTF, GreenbergDA. 1998. Linkage analysis of candidate genes in autoimmune thyroid disease. II. Selected gender-related genes and the X-chromosome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83:3290–3295.
34.
ImrieH, VaidyaB, PerrosP, KellyWF, ToftAD, YoungET, Kendall-TaylorP, PearceSHS. 2001. Evidence for a Graves' disease susceptibility locus at chromosome Xp11 in a United Kingdom population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86:626–630.
35.
BrixTH, KnudsenGP, KristiansenM, KyvikKO, ØrstavikKH, HegedüsL. 2005. High frequency of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in females with autoimmune thyroid disease: a possible explanation for the female predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90:5949–5953.
36.
OzcelikT, UzE, AkyerliCB, BagislarS, MustafaCA, GursoyA, AkarsuN, TorunerG, KamelN, GulluS. 2006. Evidence from autoimmune thyroiditis of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in female predisposition to autoimmunity. Eur J Hum Genet, 14:791–797.
37.
YinX, LatifR, TomerY, DaviesTF. 2007. Thyroid epigenetics: X chromosome inactivation in patients with autoimune thyroid disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1110:193–200.
38.
BrixTH, HansenPS, KyvikKO, HegedusL. 2010. Preliminary evidence of a noncausal association between the X-chromosome inactivation pattern and thyroid autoimmunity: a twin study. Eur J Hum Genet, 18:254–257.
RennéC, LopezER, Steimle-GrauerSA, ZiolkowskiP, PaniMA, LutherC, HolzerK, EnckeA, WahlRA, BechsteinWO, UsadelKH, HansmannML, BadenhoopK. 2004. Thyroid fetal male microchimerisms in mothers with thyroid disorders: presence of Y-chromosomal immunofluorescence in thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes is more prevalent in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease than in follicular adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:5810–5814.
41.
BrixTH, HansenPS, KyvikKO, HegedusL. 2009. Aggregation of thyroid autoantibodies in twins from opposite-sex pairs suggests that microchimerism may play a role in the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94:4439–4443.
42.
WalshJP, BremnerAP, BulsaraMK, O'LearyP, LeedmanPJ, FeddemaP, MichelangeliV. 2005. Parity and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease: a community-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90:5309–5312.
43.
PedersenIB, LaurbergP, KnudsenN, JørgensenT, PerrildH, OvesenL, RasmussenLB. 2006. Lack of association between thyroid autoantibodies and parity in a population study argues against microchimerism as a trigger of thyroid autoimmunity. Clin Endocrinol, 154:39–45.
44.
MassoudiMS, MeilahnEN, OrchardTJ, FoleyTPJr., KullerLH, CostantinoJP, BuhariAM. 1995. Prevalence of thyroid antibodies among healthy middle-aged women. Findings from the thyroid study in healthy women. Ann Epidemiol, 5:229–233.
45.
FrankP, KayCR. 1978. Incidence of thyroid disease associated with oral contraceptives. BMJ, 2:1531.
46.
HouX, LiY, LiJ, WangW, FanC, WangH, ZhangH, ShanZ, TengW. 2011. Development of thyroid dysfunction and autoantibodies in Graves' multiplex families: an eight-year follow-up study in Chinese Han pedigrees. Thyroid, 21:1353–1358.
47.
BrixTH, PetersenHC, IachineIA, HegedüsL. 2003. Preliminary evidence of genetic anticipation in Graves' disease. Thyroid, 13:447–451.
48.
VosXG, SmitN, EndertE, TijssenJG, WiersingaWM. 2009. Variation in phenotypic appearance of Graves' disease: effect of genetic anticipation and duration of complaints. Eur J Endocrinol, 161:113–118.
49.
StriederTGA, PrummelMF, TijssenJGP, EndertE, WiersingaWM. 2003. Risk factors for and prevalence of thyroid disorders in a cross-sectional study among healthy female relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol, 59:396–401.
50.
JinY, TengW, BenS, XiongX, ZhangJ, XuS, ShugartYY, JinL, ChenJ, HuangW. 2003. Genome-wide scan of Graves' disease: evidence for linkage on chromosome 5q31 in Chinese Han pedigrees. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88:1798–1803.