Implant-supported dental prosthetics are widely used in dental practice. Sufficient peri-implant bone tissue is a crucial prerequisite for the long-term success of this treatment, as insufficient peri-implant bone volume hampers dental implant installation and negatively influences dental implant stability. However, due to tooth extraction, bone metabolism diseases, and trauma, bone defects in the jaw are common in patients, particularly in the elderly and those suffering from underlying conditions. If this is the case, the alveolar ridge has to be augmented for reliable implant placement. Various biomaterials, growth factors (GFs) or GF-based products, and trace elements have been tested and used for alveolar ridge augmentation. Among those biomaterials, calcium phosphates (CaPs) are the most popular due to their promising biocompatibility, great osteoconductivity, and distinguishing osteogenesis. Combining CaPs with GFs or trace elements can further favor bone defect repair. This review mainly focuses on applying artificial CaP biomaterials and their combination with bioactive agents to repair bone defects in implant dentistry.
Impact statement
Insufficient bone volume is still a challenge in implant dentistry, and various bone substitutes have been reported to be used for bone augmentation. In implant dentistry, calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics are the most well-used. Meanwhile, the advantages and disadvantages of these ceramics have also been reported. On the contrary, to improve their performance in dental clinical practice, growth factors (GFs) are engaged and combined with CaP bone substitutes for bone regeneration. This review recapitulates these CaP biomaterials and GFs, which may guide their clinical application in implant dentistry.
DengY, ZhouP, LiuX, et al.Preparation, characterization, cellular response and in vivo osseointegration of polyetheretherketone/nano-hydroxyapatite/carbon fiber ternary biocomposite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2015; 136:64–73; doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.001
3.
PapeHC, EvansA, KobbeP. Autologous bone graft: Properties and techniques. J Orthop Trauma, 2010; 24(Suppl 1):S36–S40; doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181cec4a1
4.
KlossFR, OffermannsV, Kloss-BrandstätterA. Comparison of allogeneic and autogenous bone grafts for augmentation of alveolar ridge defects—A 12-month retrospective radiographic evaluation. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2018; 29(11):1163–1175; doi: 10.1111/clr.13380
5.
WeiL, MironRJ, ShiB, et al.Osteoinductive and osteopromotive variability among different demineralized bone allografts. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2015; 17(3):533–542; doi: 10.1111/cid.12118
6.
CarsonJS, BostromMPG. Synthetic bone scaffolds and fracture repair. Injury, 2007; 38(Suppl 1):S33–S37; doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2007.02.008
7.
SakkasA, WildeF, HeufelderM, et al.Autogenous bone grafts in oral implantology—is it still a “gold standard”? A consecutive review of 279 patients with 456 clinical procedures. Int J Implant Dent, 2017; 3(1):23; doi: 10.1186/s40729-017-0084-4
8.
ReiningerD, Cobo-VázquezC, RosenbergB, et al.Alternative intraoral donor sites to the chin and mandibular body-ramus. J Clin Exp Dent, 2017; 9(12):e1474–e1481; doi: 10.4317/jced.54372
9.
GargB, GoyalT, KotwalPP, et al.Local distal radius bone graft versus iliac crest bone graft for scaphoid nonunion: A comparative study. Musculoskelet Surg, 2013; 97(2):109–114; doi: 10.1007/s12306-012-0219-y
10.
SohnHS, OhJK. Review of bone graft and bone substitutes with an emphasis on fracture surgeries. Biomater Res, 2019; 23(1):9; doi: 10.1186/s40824-019-0157-y
11.
FillinghamY, JacobsJ, Fillingham νY, et al.Bone grafts and their substitutes. Bone Joint J, 2016; 98-B (1 Suppl A):6–9; doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.98B.36350
12.
BuckBE, MalininTI, BrownMD. Bone transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus: An estimate of risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1989; 240:129–136.
13.
ZamborskyR, SvecA, BohacM, et al.Infection in bone allograft transplants. Exp Clin Transplant, 2016; 14(5):484–490; doi: 10.6002/ect.2016.0076
14.
AminiZ, LariR. A systematic review of decellularized allograft and xenograft–derived scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration. Tissue Cell, 2021; 69:101494; doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101494
15.
SegniniB, Borges-FilhoFF, NicoliLG, et al.Impact of soft tissue graft on the preservation of compromised sockets: A randomized controlled clinical pilot study. Acta Odontol Latinoam, 2021; 34(2):119–126.
16.
SharifiM, KheradmandiR, SalehiM, et al.Criteria, challenges, and opportunities for acellularized allogeneic/xenogeneic bone grafts in bone repairing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2022; 8(8):3199–3219; doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00194
17.
BerglundhT, LindheJ. Healing around implants placed in bone defects treated with Bio-Oss®: An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res, 1997; 8(2):117–124; doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1997.080206.x
18.
TapetyFI, AmizukaN, UoshimaK, et al.A histological evaluation of the involvement of Bio-Oss® in osteoblastic differentiation and matrix synthesis. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2004; 15(3):315–324; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2004.01012.x
19.
PesceP, MeniniM, CanulloL, et al.Radiographic and histomorphometric evaluation of biomaterials used for lateral sinus augmentation: A systematic review on the effect of residual bone height and vertical graft size on new bone formation and graft shrinkage. J Clin Med, 2021; 10(21):4996; doi: 10.3390/jcm10214996
20.
Mohd Pu'adNAS, KoshyP, AbdullahHZ, et al.Syntheses of hydroxyapatite from natural sources. Heliyon, 2019; 5(5):e01588; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01588
21.
WuS, LiuX, YeungKWK, et al.Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng R Reports, 2014; 80(1):1–36; doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2014.04.001
22.
BellLC, MikaH, KrugerBJ. Synthetic hydroxyapatite-solubility product and stoichiometry of dissolution. Arch Oral Biol, 1978; 23(5):329–336; doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(78)90089-4
23.
KleinCPAT, de Blieck-HogemrstJMA, WolketJGC, et al.Studies of the solubility of different calcium phosphate ceramic particles in vitro. Biomaterials, 1990; 11(7):509–512; doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(90)90067-Z
24.
RaynaudS, ChampionE, Bernache-AssollantD, et al.Determination of calcium/phosphorus atomic ratio of calcium phosphate apatites using X-ray diffractometry. J Am Ceramic Soc, 2004; 84(2):359–366; doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00663.x
25.
MavropoulosE, RossiAM, da RochaNCC, et al.Dissolution of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite synthesized at different conditions. Mater Charact, 2003; 50(2–3):203–207; doi: 10.1016/S1044-5803(03)00093-7
26.
O'NeillR, McCarthyHO, MontufarEB, et al.Critical review: Injectability of calcium phosphate pastes and cements. Acta Biomater, 2017; 50:1–19; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.019
27.
AlbeeFH.Studies in bone growth: Triple calcium phosphate as a stimulus to osteogenesis. Ann Surg, 1920; 71(1):32–39; doi: 10.1097/00000658-192001000-00006
28.
EliazN, MetokiN. Calcium phosphate bioceramics: A review of their history, structure, properties, coating technologies and biomedical applications. Materials, 2017; 10(4):334; doi: 10.3390/ma10040334
29.
WessingB, LettnerS, ZechnerW. Guided bone regeneration with collagen membranes and particulate graft materials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2018; 33(1):87–100; doi: 10.11607/jomi.5461
30.
JungRE, KovacsMN, ThomaDS, et al.Informative title: Guided bone regeneration with and without rhBMP-2: 17-year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2022; 33(3):302–312; doi: 10.1111/clr.13889
31.
RipamontiU.Osteoinduction in porous hydroxyapatite implanted in heterotopic sites of different animal models. Biomaterials, 1996; 17(1):31–35; doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)80752-6
YuanH, FernandesH, HabibovicP, et al.Osteoinductive ceramics as a synthetic alternative to autologous bone grafting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010; 107(31):13614–13619; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003600107/-/DCSupplemental
34.
ChaiYC, CarlierA, BolanderJ, et al.Current Views on Calcium Phosphate Osteogenicity and the Translation into Effective Bone Regeneration Strategies. Acta Biomater, 2012; 8(11):3876–3887; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.002
35.
BarradasAMC, YuanH, van BlitterswijkCA, et al.Osteoinductive biomaterials: Current knowledge of properties, experimental models and biological mechanisms. Eur Cell Mater, 2011; 21:407–429; doi: 10.22203/eCM.v021a31
36.
BarradasAMC, MonticoneV, HulsmanM, et al.Molecular mechanisms of biomaterial-driven osteogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal stromal cells. Integr Biol (United Kingdom), 2013; 5(7):920–931; doi: 10.1039/c3ib40027a
BarradasAMC, YuanH, van der StokJ, et al.The influence of genetic factors on the osteoinductive potential of calcium phosphate ceramics in mice. Biomaterials, 2012; 33(23):5696–5705; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.021
39.
van der WalE, VredenbergAM, ter BruggePJ, et al.The in vitro behavior of as-prepared and pre-immersed RF-sputtered calcium phosphate thin films in a rat bone marrow cell model. Biomaterials, 2006; 27(8):1333–1340; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.09.006
40.
SchwarzF, HertenM, WielandM, et al.Chemisch modifizierte, ultra-hydrophile titanimplantatoberflächen. Mund - Kiefer - und Gesichtschirurgie, 2007; 11(1):11–17; doi: 10.1007/s10006-006-0045-1
41.
BrownBN, LondonoR, TotteyS, et al.Macrophage phenotype as a predictor of constructive remodeling following the implantation of biologically derived surgical mesh materials. Acta Biomater, 2012; 8(3):978–987; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.031
42.
FrostHM.The biology of fracture healing. An overview for clinicians. Part I. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1989;(248):283–293.
43.
ParkJY, GemmellCH, DaviesJE. Platelet interactions with titanium: Modulation of platelet activity by surface topography. Biomaterials, 2001; 22(19):2671–2682; doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00009-6
44.
TakebeJ, ChampagneCM, OffenbacherS, et al.Titanium surface topography alters cell shape and modulates bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression in the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2003; 64(2):207–216; doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.10275
45.
LamersE, WalboomersXF, DomanskiM, et al.In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the inflammatory response to nanoscale grooved substrates. Nanomedicine, 2012; 8(3):308–317; doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.06.013
46.
DavisonNL, GamblinAL, LayrolleP, et al.Liposomal clodronate inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and osteoinduction by submicrostructured beta-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials, 2014; 35(19):5088–5097; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.013
47.
DavisonNL, ten HarkelB, SchoenmakerT, et al.Osteoclast resorption of beta-tricalcium phosphate controlled by surface architecture. Biomaterials, 2014; 35(26):7441–7451; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.048
48.
HumbertP, BrennanMÁ, DavisonN, et al.Immune modulation by transplanted calcium phosphate biomaterials and human mesenchymal stromal cells in bone regeneration. Front Immunol, 2019; 10:663; doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00663
49.
ArronJR, ChoiY. Bone versus immune system. Nature, 2000; 408(6812):535–536; doi: 10.1038/35046196
50.
ChenC, LiuT, TangY, et al.Epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization in wound healing. Burns Trauma, 2023; 11:tkac057; doi: 10.1093/burnst/tkac057
51.
DuanR, ZhangY, van DijkL, et al.Coupling between macrophage phenotype, angiogenesis and bone formation by calcium phosphates. Mater Sci Eng C, 2021; 122:111948; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111948
52.
SadowskaJM, WeiF, GuoJ, et al.The effect of biomimetic calcium deficient hydroxyapatite and sintered β-tricalcium phosphate on osteoimmune reaction and osteogenesis. Acta Biomater, 2019; 96:605–618; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.057
53.
ZhouY, HuZ, JinW, et al.Intrafibrillar mineralization and immunomodulatory for synergetic enhancement of bone regeneration via calcium phosphate nanocluster scaffold. Adv Healthc Mater, 2023; 2201548; doi: 10.1002/adhm.202201548
54.
ShenH, ShiJ, ZhiY, et al.Improved BMP2-CPC-stimulated osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo via modulation of macrophage polarization. Mater Sci Eng C, 2021; 118:111471; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111471
55.
Bouvet-GerbettazS, BoukhechbaF, BalaguerT, et al.Adaptive Immune Response Inhibits Ectopic Mature Bone Formation Induced by BMSCs/BCP/Plasma Composite in Immune-Competent Mice. Tissue Eng Part A, 2014; 20(21–22):2950–2962; doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0633
56.
LiJ, YuT, YanH, et al.T cells participate in bone remodeling during the rapid palatal expansion. FASEB J, 2020; 34(11):15327–15337; doi: 10.1096/fj.202001078R
57.
HarrellCR, VolarevicA, DjonovVG, et al.Mesenchymal stem cell: A friend or foe in anti-tumor immunity. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22(22):12429; doi: 10.3390/ijms222212429
58.
HarrellCR, MarkovicBS, FellabaumC, et al.Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy of osteoarthritis: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother, 2019; 109:2318–2326; doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.099
59.
Vallet-RegíM, González-CalbetJM. Calcium phosphates as substitution of bone tissues. Prog Solid State Chem, 2004; 32(1–2):1–31; doi: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2004.07.001
60.
ArcosD, Vallet-RegíM. Substituted Hydroxyapatite Coatings of Bone Implants. J Mater Chem B, 2020; 8(9):1781–1800; doi: 10.1039/c9tb02710f
JeongJ, KimJH, ShimJH, et al.Bioactive calcium phosphate materials and applications in bone regeneration. Biomater Res, 2019; 23(1):4; doi: 10.1186/s40824-018-0149-3
63.
DraenertM, DraenertA, DraenertK. Osseointegration of hydroxyapatite and remodeling-resorption of tricalciumphosphate ceramics. Microsc Res Tech, 2013; 76(4):370–380; doi: 10.1002/jemt.22176
64.
SiswomihardjoW, SunarintyasS, TontowiAE. The effect of zirconia in hydroxyapatite on staphylococcus epidermidis Growth. Int J Biomater, 2012; 2012:432372; doi: 10.1155/2012/432372
65.
SaidMM, RehanM, El-SheikhSM, et al.Multifunctional hydroxyapatite/silver nanoparticles/cotton gauze for antimicrobial and biomedical applications. Nanomaterials, 2021; 11(2):249; doi: 10.3390/nano11020429
66.
SwethaM, SahithiK, MoorthiA, et al.Biocomposites containing natural polymers and hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol, 2010; 47(1):1–4; doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.03.015
67.
LiZ, SuY, XieB, et al.A tough hydrogel-hydroxyapatite bone-like composite fabricated in situ by the electrophoresis approach. J Mater Chem B, 2013; 1(12):1755–1764; doi: 10.1039/c3tb00246b
68.
GillmanCE, JayasuriyaAC. FDA-approved bone grafts and bone graft substitute devices in bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C, 2021; 130:112466; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112466
69.
MertensC, WiensD, StevelingHG, et al.Maxillary sinus-floor elevation with nanoporous biphasic bone graft material for early implant placement. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2014; 16(3):365–373; doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2012.00484.x
70.
MathewM, SchroederLW, DickensB, et al.The crystal structure of α-Ca3(PO4)2. Acta Crystallogr B, 1977; 33(5):1325–1333; doi: 10.1107/s0567740877006037
71.
NurseRW, WelchJH, GuttW. High-temperature phase equilibria in the system dicalcium silicate - Tricalcium phosphate. J Chem Soc (Resumed), 1959; doi: 10.1039/JR9590001077
72.
NurseRW, WelchJH, GuttW. A new form of tricalcium phosphate. Nature, 1958; 182(4644):1230; doi: 10.1038/1821230b0
73.
TroncoMC, CasselJB, dos SantosLA. α-TCP-based calcium phosphate cements: A critical review. Acta Biomater, 2022; 151:70–87; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.040
74.
CorreaD, AlmirallA, CarrodeguasRG, et al.α-Tricalcium phosphate cements modified with β-dicalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate: Physicochemical characterization, in vitro bioactivity and cytotoxicity. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2015; 103(1):72–83; doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33176
75.
Dorozhkin S v. Calcium orthophosphate cements for biomedical application. J Mater Sci, 2008; 43(9):3028–3057; doi: 10.1007/s10853-008-2527-z
76.
CarrodeguasRG, de AzaS. α-Tricalcium phosphate: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. Acta Biomater, 2011; 7(10):3536–3546; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.019
77.
KamitakaharaM, OhtsukiC, MiyazakiT. Review Paper: Behavior of ceramic biomaterials derived from tricalcium phosphate in physiological condition. J Biomater Appl, 2008; 23(3):197–212; doi: 10.1177/0885328208096798
78.
GarciaDC, MingroneLE, SáMJC de. Evaluation of osseointegration and bone healing using pure-phase β - TCP ceramic implant in bone critical defects. A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci, 2022; 9; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859920
79.
KsanderGA, AltoP. Definitions in biomaterials, progress in biomedical engineering. Ann Plast Surg, 1988; 21(3); doi: 10.1097/00000637-198809000-00021
80.
BohnerM, SantoniBLG, DöbelinN. β-tricalcium phosphate for bone substitution: Synthesis and properties. Acta Biomater, 2020; 113:23–41; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.022
81.
Suárez-GonzálezD, LeeJS, Lan LevengoodSK, et al.Mineral coatings modulate β-TCP stability and enable growth factor binding and release. Acta Biomater, 2012; 8(3):1117–1124; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.028
82.
ChoyJ, AlbersCE, SiebenrockKA, et al.Incorporation of RANKL promotes osteoclast formation and osteoclast activity on β-TCP ceramics. Bone, 2014; 69:80–88; doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.09.013
83.
EggliPS, MullerW, SchenkRK. Porous hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate cylinders with two different pore size ranges implanted in the cancellous bone of rabbits. A comparative histomorphometric and histologic study of bone ingrowth and implant substitution. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1988; 232:127–138.
84.
KwonS-H, JunY-K, HongS-H, et al.Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics with Various Porosities and Dissolution Rates. J Am Ceramic Soc, 2002; 85(12):3129–3131; doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00599.x
85.
LiuB, LunDx. Current Application of β-Tricalcium Phosphate Composites in Orthopaedics. Orthop Surg, 2012; 4(3):139–144; doi: 10.1111/j.1757-7861.2012.00189.x
86.
FunayamaT, NoguchiH, KumagaiH, et al.Unidirectional Porous Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite Artificial Bone: A Review of Experimental Evaluations and Clinical Applications. J Artif Organs, 2021; 24(2):103–110; doi: 10.1007/s10047-021-01270-8
87.
OriiH, SotomeS, ChenJ, et al.Beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) graft combined with bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) for posterolateral spine fusion. J Med Dent Sci, 2005; 52(1):51–57.
88.
MooreDC, ChapmanMW, ManskeDJ. Evaluation of a New Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramic for Use in Grafting Long Bone Diaphyseal Defects. In: Transactions of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in Conjunction with the Interna 1985. Society for Biomaterials: San Diego, USA.
89.
LegerosRZ, LinS, RohanizadehR, et al.Biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics: Preparation, properties and applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2003; 14(3):201–209; doi: 10.1023/A:1022872421333
DuanR, van DijkL, BarbieriD, et al.Accelerated bone formation by biphasic calcium phosphate with a novel sub-micron surface topography. Eur Cell Mater, 2019; 37:60–73; doi: 10.22203/eCM.v037a05
92.
ChaJK, KimC, PaeHC, et al.Maxillary sinus augmentation using biphasic calcium phosphate: Dimensional stability results after 3–6 years. J Periodontal Implant Sci, 2019; 49(1):47–57; doi: 10.5051/jpis.2019.49.1.47
93.
ManganoC, GiulianiA, de TullioI, et al.Case Report: Histological and histomorphometrical results of a 3-D printed biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic 7 years after insertion in a human maxillary alveolar ridge. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2021; 9:614325; doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.614325
94.
FrenkenJWFH, BouwmanWF, BravenboerN, et al.The use of Straumann® Bone Ceramic in a maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure: A clinical, radiological, histological and histomorphometric evaluation with a 6-month healing period. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2010; 21(2):201–208; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01821.x
95.
GaoY, KarpukhinaN, LawR v. Phase segregation in hydroxyfluorapatite solid solution at high temperatures studied by combined XRD/solid state NMR. RSC Adv, 2016; 6(105):103782–103790; doi: 10.1039/c6ra17161c
96.
GrossKA, Rodríguez-LorenzoLM. Sintered hydroxyfluorapatites. Part I: Sintering ability of precipitated solid solution powders. Biomaterials, 2004; 25(7–8):1375–1384; doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00565-9
97.
ParkJ. Bioceramics: Properties, Characterizations, and Applications. Springer: New York; 2009.
98.
Al-NoamanA, KarpukhinaN, RawlinsonSCF, et al.Effect of FA on bioactivity of bioactive glass coating for titanium dental implant. Part I: Composite powder. J Non Cryst Solids, 2013; 364:92–98; doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2012.11.051
99.
MojumdarSC, KozánkováJ, ChocholoušekJ, et al.Fluoroapatite - material for medicine growth, morphology and thermoanalytical properties. J Therm Anal Calorimetry, 2004; 78:73–82; doi: 10.1023/B:JTAN.0000042155.26913.79
100.
NabiyouniM, ZhouH, LuchiniTJF, et al.Formation of nanostructured fluorapatite via microwave assisted solution combustion synthesis. Mater Sci Eng C, 2014; 37(1):363–368; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.01.018
101.
DhertWJA, KleinCPAT, JansenJA, et al.A histological and histomorphometrical investigation of fluorapatite, magnesiumwhitlockite, and hydroxylapatite plasma-sprayed coatings in goats. J Biomed Mater Res, 1993; 27(1):127–138; doi: 10.1002/jbm.820270116
102.
GolafshanN, AlehosseiniM, AhmadiT, et al.Combinatorial fluorapatite-based scaffolds substituted with strontium, magnesium and silicon ions for mending bone defects. Mater Sci Eng C, 2021; 120:111611; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111611
103.
TredwinCJ, YoungAM, Abou NeelEA, et al.Hydroxyapatite, fluor-hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite produced via the sol–gel method: Dissolution behaviour and biological properties after crystallisation. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2014; 25(1):47–53; doi: 10.1007/s10856-013-5050-y
104.
HarrisonJ, MelvilleAJ, ForsytheJS, et al.Sintered hydroxyfluorapatites—IV: The effect of fluoride substitutions upon colonisation of hydroxyapatites by mouse embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials, 2004; 25(20):4977–4986; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.042
105.
OrlovNK, PutlayevVI, EvdokimovP v., et al.Composite bioceramics engineering based on analysis of phase equilibria in the Ca3(PO4)2–CaNaPO4–CaKPO4 System. Inorganic Mater, 2019; 55(5):516–523; doi: 10.1134/S0020168519050157
106.
RamselaarMMA, van MullemPJ, KalkW, et al.In vivo reactions to particulate rhenanite and particulate hydroxylapatite after implantation in tooth sockets. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 1993; 4(3):311–317; doi: 10.1007/BF00122287
107.
DriessensFCM, RamselaarMMA, SchaekenHG, et al.Chemical reactions of calcium phosphate implants after implantation in vivo. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 1992; 3(6):413–417; doi: 10.1007/BF00701237
108.
RamselaarMMA, DriessensFCM, KalkW, et al.Biodegradation of four calcium phosphate ceramics;in vivo rates and tissue interactions. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 1991; 2(2):63–70; doi: 10.1007/BF00703460
109.
KnabeC, BergerG, GildenhaarR, et al.The functional expression of human bone-derived cells grown on rapidly resorbable calcium phosphate ceramics. Biomaterials, 2004; 25(2):335–344; doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00525-8
110.
LinZ, CaoY, ZouJ, et al.Improved osteogenesis and angiogenesis of a novel copper ions doped calcium phosphate cement. Mater Sci Eng C, 2020; 114:111032; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111032
111.
ZhangJ, WuH, HeF, et al.Concentration-dependent osteogenic and angiogenic biological performances of calcium phosphate cement modified with copper ions. Mater Sci Eng C, 2019; 99:1199–1212; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.042
112.
WuJ, LiuF, WangZ, et al.The Development of a magnesium-releasing and long-term mechanically stable calcium phosphate bone cement possessing osteogenic and immunomodulation effects for promoting bone fracture regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022; 9:803723; doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.803723
113.
WuX, DaiH, YuS, et al.Magnesium calcium phosphate cement incorporating citrate for vascularized bone regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2020; 6(11):6299–6308; doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00929
114.
GalloM, Le Gars SantoniB, DouillardT, et al.Effect of grain orientation and magnesium doping on β-tricalcium phosphate resorption behavior. Acta Biomater, 2019; 89:391–402; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.045
115.
LiN, CuiW, CongP, et al.Biomimetic inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles from magnesium-substituted amorphous calcium phosphate clusters and polyacrylic acid molecules. Bioact Mater, 2021; 6(8):2303–2314; doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.005
116.
WuT, ShiH, LiangY, et al.Improving osteogenesis of calcium phosphate bone cement by incorporating with manganese doped β-tricalcium phosphate. Mater Sci Eng C, 2020; 109:110481; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110481
117.
MokabberT, CaoHT, NorouziN, et al.Antimicrobial electrodeposited silver-containing calcium phosphate coatings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020; 12(5):5531–5541; doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b20158
118.
HondaM, KawanobeY, NagataK, et al.Bactericidal and bioresorbable calcium phosphate cements fabricated by silver-containing tricalcium phosphate microspheres. Int J Mol Sci, 2020; 21(11):3745; doi: 10.3390/ijms21113745
119.
CominiS, SpartiR, CoppolaB, et al.Novel silver-functionalized poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds designed to counteract post-surgical infections in orthopedic applications. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22(18):10176; doi: 10.3390/ijms221810176
120.
LeeS, LiZ, MengD, et al.Effect of silicon-doped calcium phosphate cement on angiogenesis based on controlled macrophage polarization. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2021; 53(11):1516–1526; doi: 10.1093/abbs/gmab121
121.
ChenD, ChenG, ZhangX, et al.Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of 3D printed porous silicate substituted calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2022; 119(11):3297–3310; doi: 10.1002/bit.28202
122.
WangH-C, LinT-H, HsuC-C, et al.Restoring osteochondral defects through the differentiation potential of cartilage stem/progenitor cells cultivated on porous scaffolds. Cells, 2021; 10(12):3536; doi: 10.3390/cells10123536
123.
WuX, TangZ, WuK, et al.Strontium–calcium phosphate hybrid cement with enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic properties for vascularised bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B, 2021; 9(30):5982–5997; doi: 10.1039/D1TB00439E
124.
XuH, ZhuL, TianF, et al.In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of injectable strontium-modified calcium phosphate cement for bone defect repair in rats. Int J Mol Sci, 2022; 24(1):568; doi: 10.3390/ijms24010568
125.
ChenF, TianL, PuX, et al.Enhanced ectopic bone formation by strontium-substituted calcium phosphate ceramics through regulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Biomater Sci, 2022; 10(20):5925–5937; doi: 10.1039/D2BM00348A
126.
DharmalingamK, PadmavathiG, KunnumakkaraAB, et al.Microwave-assisted synthesis of cellulose/zinc-sulfate-calcium-phosphate (ZSCAP) nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C, 2019; 100:535–543; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.109
127.
LuT, ZhangJ, YuanX, et al.Enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis of calcium phosphate cement incorporated with zinc silicate by synergy effect of zinc and silicon ions. Mater Sci Eng C, 2021; 131:112490; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112490
128.
LiangW, GaoM, LouJ, et al.Integrating silicon/zinc dual elements with PLGA microspheres in calcium phosphate cement scaffolds synergistically enhances bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B, 2020; 8(15):3038–3049; doi: 10.1039/C9TB02901J
129.
LiauSY, ReadDC, PughWJ, et al.Interaction of silver nitrate with readily identifiable groups: Relationship to the antibacterial action of silver ions. Lett Appl Microbiol, 1997; 25(4):279–283; doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.1997.00219.x
130.
WeiL, LuJ, XuH, et al.Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, and therapeutic applications. Drug Discov Today, 2015; 20(5):595–601; doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.014
131.
YuanJ, WangB, HanC, et al.Nanosized-Ag-doped porous β-tricalcium phosphate for biological applications. Mater Sci Eng C, 2020; 114:111037; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111037
YangY, CaoY. The impact of VEGF on cancer metastasis and systemic disease. Semin Cancer Biol, 2022; 86:251–261; doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.011
134.
ApteRS, ChenDS, FerraraN. VEGF in signaling and disease: Beyond discovery and development. Cell, 2019; 176(6):1248–1264; doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.021
135.
FieldingG, BoseS. SiO2 and ZnO dopants in three-dimensionally printed tricalcium phosphate bone tissue engineering scaffolds enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vivo. Acta Biomater, 2013; 9(11):9137–9148; doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.009
136.
BoseS, BanerjeeD, RobertsonS, et al.Enhanced in vivo bone and blood vessel formation by iron oxide and silica doped 3D printed tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. Ann Biomed Eng, 2018; 46(9):1241–1253; doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-2040-8
137.
XiaoD, YangF, ZhaoQ, et al.Fabrication of a Cu/Zn co-incorporated calcium phosphate scaffold-derived GDF-5 sustained release system with enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis properties. RSC Adv, 2018; 8(52):29526–29534; doi: 10.1039/C8RA05441J
138.
LuT, WangJ, YuanX, et al.Zinc-doped calcium silicate additive accelerates early angiogenesis and bone regeneration of calcium phosphate cement by double bioactive ions stimulation and immunoregulation. Biomater Adv, 2022; 141:213120; doi: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213120
139.
SinghSS, RoyA, LeeB, et al.Study of hMSC proliferation and differentiation on Mg and Mg–Sr containing biphasic β-tricalcium phosphate and amorphous calcium phosphate ceramics. Mater Sci Eng C, 2016; 64:219–228; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.020
140.
ChenY, LiuZ, JiangT, et al.Strontium-substituted biphasic calcium phosphate microspheres promoted degradation performance and enhanced bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2020; 108(4):895–905; doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36867
141.
LiuQ, LuWF, ZhaiW. Toward stronger robocast calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: A mini-review and meta-analysis. Biomater Adv, 2022; 134:112578; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112578
142.
KarageorgiouVKD.Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials, 2005; 26(27):5474–5491; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002
143.
HuangS-M, LiuS-M, KoC-L, et al.Advances of hydroxyapatite hybrid organic composite used as drug or protein carriers for biomedical applications: A review. Polymers (Basel), 2022; 14(5):976; doi: 10.3390/polym14050976
144.
MariñoFT, TorresJ, HamdanM, et al.Advantages of using glycolic acid as a retardant in a brushite forming cement. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2007; 83B(2):571–579; doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.30830
145.
SafariB, AghanejadA, RoshangarL, et al.Osteogenic effects of the bioactive small molecules and minerals in the scaffold-based bone tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2021; 198:111462; doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111462
146.
DevescoviV, LeonardiE, CiapettiG, et al.Growth factors in bone repair. Chir Organi Mov, 2008; 92(3):161–168; doi: 10.1007/s12306-008-0064-1
147.
ZhangL, LuoQ, ShuY, et al.Transcriptomic landscape regulated by the 14 types of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in lineage commitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Genes Dis, 2019; 6(3):258–275; doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.03.008
148.
CharoenlarpP, RajendranAK, IsekiS. Role of fibroblast growth factors in bone regeneration. Inflamm Regen, 2017; 37(1):10; doi: 10.1186/s41232-017-0043-8
149.
XianL, WuX, PangL, et al.Matrix IGF-1 maintains bone mass by activation of mTOR in mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Med, 2012; 18(7):1095–1101; doi: 10.1038/nm.2793
150.
AghalooT, JiangX, SooC, et al.A Study of the Role of Nell-1 gene modified goat bone marrow stromal cells in promoting new bone formation. Mol Ther, 2007; 15(10):1872–1880; doi: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300270
151.
ZhangX, TingK, BessetteCM, et al.Nell-1, a key functional mediator of Runx2, partially rescues calvarial defects in Runx2+/- mice. J Bone Miner Res, 2011; 26(4):777–791; doi: 10.1002/jbmr.267
152.
YasudaH, ShimaN, NakagawaN, et al.Identity of Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitory Factor (OCIF) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG): A Mechanism by which OPG/OCIF Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in Vitro. Endocrinology, 1998; 139(3):1329–1337; doi: 10.1210/endo.139.3.5837
153.
RicarteFR, Le HenaffC, KolupaevaVG, et al.Parathyroid hormone(1–34) and its analogs differentially modulate osteoblastic Rankl expression via PKA/SIK2/SIK3 and PP1/PP2A–CRTC3 signaling. J Biol Chem, 2018; 293(52):20200–20213; doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.004751
154.
ConawayHH, HenningP, LieA, et al.Glucocorticoids employ the monomeric glucocorticoid receptor to potentiate vitamin D 3 and parathyroid hormone-induced osteoclastogenesis. FASEB J, 2019; 33(12):14394–14409; doi: 10.1096/fj.201802729RRR
155.
BessaPC, CasalM, ReisRL. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Tissue Engineering: The Road from Laboratory to Clinic, Part II (BMP Delivery). J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2008; 2(2–3):81–96; doi: 10.1002/term.74
156.
UristMR.Bone: Formation by autoinduction. Science (1979), 1965; 150(3698):893–899; doi: 10.1126/science.150.3698.893
157.
RileyEH, LaneJM, UristMR, et al.Bone morphogenetic protein-2: Biology and applications. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1996; 324:39–46.
158.
BeedermanM, LamplotJD, NanG, et al.BMP signaling in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and bone formation. J Biomed Sci Eng, 2013; 06(08):32–52; doi: 10.4236/jbise.2013.68a1004
159.
ParkJ-C, BaeE-B, KimS-E, et al.Effects of BMP-2 delivery in calcium phosphate bone graft materials with different compositions on bone regeneration. Materials, 2016; 9(11):954; doi: 10.3390/ma9110954
160.
HaidarZS, HamdyRC, TabrizianM. Delivery of recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins for bone regeneration and repair. Part A: Current Challenges in BMP Delivery. Biotechnol Lett, 2009; 31(12):1817–1824; doi: 10.1007/s10529-009-0099-x
161.
HaidarZS, HamdyRC, TabrizianM. Delivery of recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins for bone regeneration and repair. Part B: Delivery Systems for BMPs in orthopaedic and craniofacial tissue engineering. Biotechnol Lett, 2009; 31(12):1825–1835; doi: 10.1007/s10529-009-0100-8
162.
UmIW, KuJK, LeeBK, et al.Postulated release profile of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (RhBMP-2) from demineralized dentin matrix. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2019; 45(3):123–128; doi: 10.5125/jkaoms.2019.45.3.123
163.
AbeY, KokuboT, YamamuroT. Apatite coating on ceramics, metals and polymers utilizing a biological process. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 1990; 1(4):233–238; doi: 10.1007/BF00701082
164.
LiuY, HunzikerEB, LayrolleP, et al.Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 incorporated into biomimetic coatings retains its biological activity. Tissue Eng, 2004; 10(1–2):101–108; doi: 10.1089/107632704322791745
165.
LiM, WuG, WangM, et al.Crystalline biomimetic calcium phosphate coating on mini-pin implants to accelerate osseointegration and extend drug release duration for an orthodontic application. Nanomaterials, 2022; 12(14):2439; doi: 10.3390/nano12142439
166.
LiM, WangM, WeiL, et al.Biomimetic calcium phosphate coating on medical grade stainless steel improves surface properties and serves as a drug carrier for orthodontic applications. Dental Mater, 2023; 39(2):152–161; doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.12.009
167.
LiuY, SchoutenC, BoermanO, et al.The kinetics and mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein 2 release from calcium phosphate-based implant-coatings. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2018; 106(9):2363–2371; doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36398
168.
LiuY, de GrootK, HunzikerEB. BMP-2 liberated from biomimetic implant coatings induces and sustains direct ossification in an ectopic rat model. Bone, 2005; 36(5):745–757; doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.02.005
169.
LiuT, ZhengY, WuG, et al.BMP2-coprecipitated calcium phosphate granules enhance osteoinductivity of deproteinized bovine bone, and bone formation during critical-sized bone defect healing. Sci Rep, 2017; 7:41800; doi: 10.1038/srep41800
170.
WuG, LiuY, IizukaT, et al.Biomimetic coating of organic polymers with a protein-functionalized layer of calcium phosphate: The surface properties of the carrier influence neither the coating characteristics nor the incorporation mechanism or release kinetics of the protein. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2010; 16(6):1255–1265; doi: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0588
171.
ComuzziL, OomsE, JansenJA. Injectable calcium phosphate cement as a filler for bone defects around oral implants: An experimental study in goats. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2002; 13(3):304–311; doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2002.130311.x
172.
ZengN, van LeeuwenAC, GrijpmaDW, et al.Poly(trimethylene carbonate)-based composite materials for reconstruction of critical-sized cranial bone defects in sheep. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg, 2017; 45(2):338–346; doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.12.008
173.
LiM, LiuX, LiuX, et al.Calcium Phosphate Cement with BMP-2-loaded Gelatin Microspheres Enhances Bone Healing in Osteoporosis: A Pilot Study. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2010; 468(7):1978–1985; doi: 10.1007/s11999-010-1321-9
174.
GunnellaF, KunischE, HorbertV, et al.In Vitro Release of Bioactive Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (GDF5, BB-1, and BMP-2) from a PLGA fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming calcium phosphate cement. Pharmaceutics, 2019; 11(9):455; doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090455
175.
GunnellaF, KunischE, BungartzM, et al.Low-dose BMP-2 is sufficient to enhance the bone formation induced by an injectable, PLGA fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming cement in a sheep defect model of lumbar osteopenia. Spine J, 2017; 17(11):1699–1711; doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.06.005
176.
SimonpieriA, del CorsoM, VervelleA, et al.Current Knowledge and Perspectives for the Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Part 2: Bone graft, implant and reconstructive surgery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2012; 13(7):1231–1256; doi: 10.2174/138920112800624472
177.
LiuZ, YuanX, FernandesG, et al.The combination of nano-calcium sulfate/platelet rich plasma gel scaffold with BMP2 gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells promotes bone regeneration in rat critical-sized calvarial defects. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017; 8(1):122; doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0574-6
178.
ChenJ-C, KoC-L, ShihC-J, et al.Calcium phosphate bone cement with 10wt% platelet-rich plasma in vitro and in vivo. J Dent, 2012; 40(2):114–122; doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.11.003
179.
KoC-L, ChenW-C, ChenJ-C, et al.Properties of osteoconductive biomaterials: Calcium phosphate cement with different ratios of platelet-rich plasma as identifiers. Mater Sci Eng C, 2013; 33(6):3537–3544; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.042
180.
DohanDM, ChoukrounJ, DissA, et al.Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part I: technological concepts and evolution. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2006; 101(3):e37–e44; doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.008
181.
DohanDM, ChoukrounJ, DissA, et al.Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part III: Leucocyte activation: A new feature for platelet concentrates?. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2006; 101(3):e51–e55; doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.010
182.
DohanDM, ChoukrounJ, DissA, et al.Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: Platelet-related biologic features. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2006; 101(3):e37–e44; doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.009
183.
ChoukrounJ, DissA, SimonpieriA, et al.Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part IV: Clinical effects on tissue healing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2006; 101(3):e56–e60; doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.011
184.
PichotanoEC, de MolonRS, de SouzaRV, et al.Evaluation of L-PRF combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral for early implant placement after maxillary sinus augmentation: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2019; 21(2):253–262; doi: 10.1111/cid.12713
185.
SunG, CaoL, LiH. Effects of platelet-rich fibrin combined with guided bone regeneration in the reconstruction of peri-implantitis bone defect. Am J Transl Res, 2021; 13(7):8397–8402.
186.
HamzacebiB, OduncuogluB, AlaaddinogluE. Treatment of peri-implant bone defects with platelet-rich fibrin. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 2015; 35(3):415–422; doi: 10.11607/prd.1861
187.
SoniR, PriyaA, YadavH, et al.Bone augmentation with sticky bone and platelet-rich fibrin by ridge-split technique and nasal floor engagement for immediate loading of dental implant after extracting impacted canine. Natl J Maxillofac Surg, 2019; 10(1):98; doi: 10.4103/njms.njms_37_18
188.
Amaral ValladãoCA, Freitas MonteiroM, JolyJC. Guided bone regeneration in staged vertical and horizontal bone augmentation using platelet-rich fibrin associated with bone grafts: A retrospective clinical study. Int J Implant Dent, 2020; 6(1):72; doi: 10.1186/s40729-020-00266-y
189.
WangM, ZhangX, LiY, et al.Lateral ridge augmentation with guided bone regeneration using particulate bone substitutes and injectable platelet-rich fibrin in a digital workflow: 6 month results of a prospective cohort study based on cone-beam computed tomography data. Materials, 2021; 14(21):6430; doi: 10.3390/ma14216430
190.
WangM, ZhangX, LiY, et al.The influence of different guided bone regeneration procedures on the contour of bone graft after wound closure: A retrospective cohort study. Materials, 2021; 14(3):1–13; doi: 10.3390/ma14030583
191.
Mendoza-AzpurG, OlaecheaA, Padial-MolinaM, et al.Composite alloplastic biomaterial vs. autologous platelet-rich fibrin in ridge preservation. J Clin Med, 2019; 8(2):223; doi: 10.3390/jcm8020223
192.
StancaE, CalabrisoN, GiannottiL, et al.Analysis of CGF biomolecules, structure and cell population: Characterization of the stemness features of CGF cells and osteogenic potential. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22(16):8867; doi: 10.3390/ijms22168867
193.
MasukiH, OkuderaT, WatanebeT, et al.Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine contents in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), and concentrated growth factors (CGF). Int J Implant Dent, 2016; 2(1):19; doi: 10.1186/s40729-016-0052-4
194.
SohnDS, HeoJU, KwakDH, et al.Bone regeneration in the maxillary sinus using an autologous fibrin-rich block with concentrated growth factors alone. Implant Dent, 2011; 20(5):389–395; doi: 10.1097/ID.0b013e31822f7a70
195.
RodellaLF, FaveroG, BoninsegnaR, et al.Growth factors, CD34 positive cells, and fibrin network analysis in concentrated growth factors fraction. Microsc Res Tech, 2011; 74(8):772–777; doi: 10.1002/jemt.20968
196.
DaiY, HanXH, HuLH, et al.Efficacy of concentrated growth factors combined with mineralized collagen on quality of life and bone reconstruction of guided bone regeneration. Regen Biomater, 2020; 7(3):313–320; doi: 10.1093/rb/rbaa007
197.
WangX, WangG, ZhaoX, et al.Short-term evaluation of guided bone reconstruction with titanium mesh membranes and CGF membranes in immediate implantation of anterior maxillary tooth. Biomed Res Int, 2021; 2021:4754078; doi: 10.1155/2021/4754078
198.
BonazzaV, HajistillyC, PatelD, et al.Growth factors release from concentrated growth factors: Effect of b-tricalcium phosphate addition. J Craniofac Surg, 2018; 29(8):2291–2295; doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000004607
199.
LinS, LiX, LiuH, et al.Clinical applications of concentrated growth factors combined with bone substitutes for alveolar ridge preservation in maxillary molar area: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Implant Dent, 2021; 7(1):115; doi: 10.1186/s40729-021-00396-x
200.
IslerSC, SoysalF, CeyhanlıT, et al.Regenerative surgical treatment of peri-implantitis using either a collagen membrane or concentrated growth factor: A 12-month randomized clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 2018; 20(5):703–712; doi: 10.1111/cid.12661
201.
KawaiT, TanumaY, MatsuiK, et al.Clinical safety and efficacy of implantation of octacalcium phosphate collagen composites in tooth extraction sockets and cyst holes. J Tissue Eng, 2016; 7:204173141667077; doi: 10.1177/2041731416670770
202.
KawaiT, KamakuraS, MatsuiK, et al.Clinical study of octacalcium phosphate and collagen composite in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Tissue Eng, 2020; 11:204173141989644; doi: 10.1177/2041731419896449
203.
LeeJ-H, KimJ-H, JeonJ-H. Bone regeneration of macropore octacalcium phosphate–coated deproteinized bovine bone materials in sinus augmentation. Implant Dent, 2015; 24(3):275–280; doi: 10.1097/ID.0000000000000249
204.
JungY, KimW-H, LeeS-H, et al.Evaluation of new octacalcium phosphate-coated xenograft in rats calvarial defect model on bone regeneration. Materials, 2020; 13(19):4391; doi: 10.3390/ma13194391
205.
DeminaVA, KrasheninnikovS v., BuzinAI, et al.Biodegradable poly(l-lactide)/calcium phosphate composites with improved properties for orthopedics: Effect of filler and polymer crystallinity. Mater Sci Eng C, 2020; 112:110813; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110813
206.
WuG, LiuY, IizukaT, et al.The effect of a slow mode of BMP-2 delivery on the inflammatory response provoked by bone-defect-filling polymeric scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2010; 31(29):7485–7493; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.037
207.
LenihouannenD, DaculsiG, SaffarzadehA, et al.Ectopic bone formation by microporous calcium phosphate ceramic particles in sheep muscles. Bone, 2005; 36(6):1086–1093; doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.02.017
208.
GjerdeC, MustafaK, HellemS, et al.Cell therapy induced regeneration of severely atrophied mandibular bone in a clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2018; 9(1):213; doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-0951-9
209.
QiX, ZhangJ, YuanH, et al.Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells repair critical-sized bone defects through enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis in osteoporotic rats. Int J Biol Sci, 2016; 12(7):836–849; doi: 10.7150/ijbs.14809
210.
BrennanMÁ, RenaudA, AmiaudJ, et al.Pre-clinical studies of bone regeneration with human bone marrow stromal cells and biphasic calcium phosphate. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2014; 5(5):114; doi: 10.1186/scrt504
211.
GamblinA-L, BrennanMA, RenaudA, et al.Bone tissue formation with human mesenchymal stem cells and biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: The local implication of osteoclasts and macrophages. Biomaterials, 2014; 35(36):9660–9667; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.018
212.
ÖzcanM, HotzaD, FredelMC, et al.Materials and manufacturing techniques for polymeric and ceramic scaffolds used in implant dentistry. J Comp Sci, 2021; 5(3):78; doi: 10.3390/jcs5030078
213.
ChenK, JiaoY, LiuL, et al.Communications between bone marrow macrophages and bone cells in bone remodeling. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2020; 8; doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598263
