Determining the Optimal Decellularization and Sterilization Protocol for Preparing a Tissue Scaffold of a Human-Sized Liver Tissue

Abstract

Attaining a well-qualified whole decellularized organ applicable for an enduring and successful transplantation, decellularization protocols should be organ specific in terms of decellularizing agents and time of tissue exposure. Since a bioscaffold resulting from a large solid organ should have the potential to preserve its three-dimensional architecture and consistency for at least several months in the site of transplantation, evaluating the mechanical properties of the bioscaffold is mandatory before transplantation. In the current study, we compared five different decellularization protocols and also two main decellularization techniques (perfusion vs. diffusion) to decellularize the sheep liver, which is similar to the human liver in terms of size and anatomy. Moreover, we assessed the retaining of vascular network by dye injection and angiography. We also determined the most proper sterilization method by comparing six different sterilization methods. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were assessed by applying tensile strength, suture retention, and compressive strength tests. The perfusion technique showed better results compared to the diffusion technique. The protocol containing ammonium hydroxide and triton X-100 was the most proper decellularization protocol leading to completely decellularized livers along with intact vascular network. Furthermore, we noted that application of streptokinase in washing step facilitates decellularization. Our results also showed that a combination of two sterilization methods is necessary for complete sterilization of a sheep liver and peracetic acid or ethylene oxide+gamma irradiation was associated with the best outcome. Determining the most appropriate decellularization and sterilization method for each organ along with assessing the mechanical properties of the resulting bioscaffold are principal steps before fabricating efficient artificial organs in the foreseeable future.