Dentin is a bone-like matrix that forms the bulk of the tooth. By fabricating dentin with protocols involving demineralization, sterilization, and preservation, treated dentin matrix (TDM)/demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) could be obtained, which is considered as a useful tool for bone and tooth–tissue regeneration. Non-negligible inflammatory and immune responses are reviewed in this article of autogenous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic TDM/DDM for the first time. Both autogenous and allogeneic TDM/DDM showed good biocompatibility in original and clinical studies, while a few cases reported the observation of inflammatory cells around tissue samples. As for xenogeneic TDM/DDM, multiple immune responses were revealed. Immune cells, including eosinocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mutinucleated giant cell, M1/M2 macrophages, and Th1-type CTL responses were involved. To avoid these adverse inflammatory responses caused by TDM/DDM implantation, some of the effective fabricating methods are discussed to reduce host immune responses to TDM/DDM.
Impact statement
This review aims to first narratively summarize the in vivo and human immune responses during implantation of autogenous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic treated dentin matrix (TDM)/demineralized dentin matrix (DDM)-guided bone/dental regeneration, and xenogeneic TDM/DDM is found to induce the most severe host immune responses. Also fabricating protocols for host response reduction of related tissue engineering are discussed. We consider that the lessons learned could contribute to the push toward bone/dental regeneration and future clinical practices.
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