The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of implant location on bone formation in goats using autologous bone marrow–derived stromal cells in porous calcium phosphate scaffolds. Intramuscular locations were compared to posterolateral spine fusion locations in eight goats. As scaffolds, we used biphasic calcium phosphate porous blocks of 5 × 5 × 5 mm. Cell-seeded implants were compared to empty controls. Bone marrow–derived stromal cells were seeded at 8 million cells per cm3 scaffold and cultured for 1 week. The follow-up time was 12 weeks. Fluorochromes were administered intravenously at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Ectopic implants showed 21 ± 3.6% bone formation for the cell seeded and 2.0 ± 3.0% for the controls (p < 0.001). Paraspinal implants, however, showed 0.10 ± 0.13% in the cell seeded compared to 0.023 ± 0.027% in the control group (p = 0.09). A benefit of the cells was only found in the area closest to the paraspinal muscles (p < 0.01). Bone formation in the control samples was of later onset compared to the cell-seeded implants. In conclusion, cell-based bone tissue engineering in an ectopic environment was clearly effective. Similar constructs implanted in a posterolateral spine fusion location hardly showed any effect.
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