Human spaceflight systems must accommodate the metabolic consumables, general day-to-day supplies, and spacecraft-specific needs required to keep a crew alive, healthy, and comfortable throughout their mission and also enable successful operations. However, as mission durations increase beyond low Earth orbit, the mass of these consumables can become too large for a single launch vehicle. To reduce the amount of mass that must be launched with the crew, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) technologies can be utilized to convert local resources into useful consumables and infrastructure at a given destination. In particular, to support long-term human stays on Mars, a variety of resources on the planet can be utilized by incorporating enabling processing technologies into the architecture. This article provides a summary of operationally relevant environmental conditions and available resources on Mars, in addition to an overview of leading ISRU architectures and technologies that can be used to capture and process the various raw materials.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
SandersGB, PazA, OryshchynL, et al.Mars ISRU for Production of Mission Critical Consumables–Options, Recent Studies, and Current State of the Art. 2015; AIAA SPACE Forum. Paper No. 2015–4458.
2.
KleinhenzJE, PazA. An ISRU Propellant Production System to Fully Fuel a Mars Ascent Vehicle. 2017; 10th Symp Space Resour Util. Paper No. 2017–0423.
3.
HoneycuttJ, LylesG. NASA's Space Launch System: Development and Progress. 2016; AAAF Space Propuls. Paper No. SP2016_AP1.
4.
GoodliffK, TroutmanP, CraigD, CaramJ, HerrmannN. Evolvable Mars Campaign 2016—A Campaign Perspective. 2016; AIAA SPACE Forum. Paper No. 2016–5456.
5.
MuskE.Making life multi-planetary. New Space. 2018; 6(1):2–11.
SmithDE, ZuberMT, FreyHV, et al.Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars. J Geophys Res. 2001; 106(E10):23689–722.
8.
SmithDE, ZuberMT. The relationship between MOLA northern hemisphere topography and the 6.1-Mbar atmospheric pressure surface of Mars. Geophys Res Lett. 1998; 25(24):4397–400.
9.
JahangeerM.Biogenic Trace Gases in the Atmosphere of Mars (Ph.D. dissertation). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, 2011.
10.
ZalewskaN.Hellas Planitia as a potential site of sedimentary minerals. Planet Space Sci. 2013; 78:25–32.
11.
HoC, SlobinS, SueM, NjokuE. Mars background noise temperatures received by spacecraft antennas. Interplanet Netw Prog Rep. 2002; 42(149):1–15.
12.
MartínezGM, NewmanCN, De Vicente-RetortilloA, et al.The modern near-surface Martian climate: A review of in-situ meteorological data from Viking to Curiosity. Space Sci Rev. 2017; 212(1–2):295–338.
13.
FranzHB, TrainerMG, MalespinCA, et al.Initial SAM calibration gas experiments on Mars: Quadrupole mass spectrometer results and implications. Planet Space Sci. 2017; 138:44–54.
14.
MahaffyPR, WebsterCR, AtreyaSK, et al.Abundance and isotopic composition of gases in the martian atmosphere from the curiosity rover. Science. 2013; 341(6143):263–6.
15.
MassinaCJ, KlausDM. Prospects for implementing variable emittance thermal control of space suits on the Martian surface. J Therm Sci Eng Appl. 2016; 8(4):1–8.
16.
SmithMD.The annual cycle of water vapor on Mars as observed by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer. J Geophys Res. 2002; 107(E11):1–19.
17.
TrokhimovskiyA, FedorovaA, KorablevO, et al.Mars' water vapor mapping by the SPICAM IR spectrometer: Five Martian years of observations. Icarus. 2015; 251:50–64.
18.
MuscatelloA, DevorR, CaptainJ. Atmospheric Processing Module for Mars Propellant Production. 2014; Earth and Space 2014.
19.
Gómez-ElviraJ, CarrascoI, LepinetteA, et al.Gale atmospheric evolution along the first two years on Mars of using REMS-MSL data. 2017; Sixth Int Workshop Mars Atmos: Model and Obs.
20.
SullivanR, BellJFIII, CalvinW, et al.Aeolian Processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity Landing Site. 2005; 36th Lunar Planet Sci Conf. Paper No. 1942.
21.
StanzelC, PätzoldM, WilliamsDA, et al.Dust devil speeds, directions of motion and general characteristics observed by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera. Icarus. 2008; 197(1):39–51.
22.
ChoiDS, DundasCM. Measurements of Martian dust devil winds with HiRISE. Geophys Res Lett. 2011; 38(24):1–5.
23.
AlmeidaMP, ParteliEJR, AndradeJSJr., HerrmannHJ. Giant saltation on Mars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105(17):6222–6.
24.
KumarV, ParaschivoiuM, ParaschivoiuI. Low Reynolds number vertical axis wind turbine for Mars. Wind Eng. 2010; 34(4):461–76.
25.
GarudS. NASA Spinoff Article: Mars Technologies Spawn Durable Wind Turbines. 2013; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 20140011207.
26.
BarlowN.Mars: An Introduction to Its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
27.
EhlmannBL, EdwardsCS. Mineralogy of the Martian surface. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci. 2014; 42:291–315.
28.
MazumderMK, SriramaPK, SharmaR, et al.Lunar and Martian dust dynamics. IEEE Ind Appl Mag. 2010; 16(4):14–21.
29.
PhillipsJRIII, PollardJRS, JohansenMR, MackeyPJ, ClementsJS, CalleCI. Martian Atmospheric Dust Mitigation for ISRU Intakes via Electrostatic Precipitation. 2016; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 20160005872.
30.
CalleCI.The electrostatic environments of Mars and the Moon. J Phys Conf Ser. 2011; 301(1):1–6.
31.
GreeleyR, IversenJD. Wind as a Geological Process on Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
32.
SullivanR, ArvidsonR, Bell JFIII, et al.Wind-driven particle mobility on Mars: Insights from Mars Exploration Rover observations at “El Dorado” and surroundings at Gusev Crater. J Geophys Res. 2008; 113(E6):1–70.
33.
MuscatelloAC, Santiago-MaldonadoE. Mars In Situ Resource Utilization Technology Evaluation. 2012; 50th AIAA Aerosp Sci Meet. Paper No. 2012–0360.
34.
FergusonDC, KoleckiJC, SiebertMW, WiltDM, MatijevicJR. Evidence for Martian electrostatic charging and abrasive wheel wear from the Wheel Abrasion Experiment on the Pathfinder Sojourner rover. J Geophys Res. 1999; 104(E4):8747–89.
35.
TownsendJ, SeibertM, BelluttaP, et al.Mars Exploration Rovers 2004–2013: Evolving Operational Tactics Driven by Aging Robotic Systems. 2014; SpaceOps 2014 Conf. Paper No. 2014–1884.
36.
BeatyDW, SnookK, AllenC, et al.An Analysis of the Precursor Measurements of Mars Needed to Reduce the Risk of the First Human Mission to Mars. Mars Hum Precursor Sci Steering Group. 2005; Unpublished White Paper.
37.
KassDM, KleinböhlA, McCleeseDJ, SchofieldJT, SmithMD. Interannual similarity in the Martian atmosphere during the dust storm season. Geophys Res Lett. 2016; 43(12):6111–8.
38.
SmithMD, PearlJC, ConrathBJ, ChristensenPR. Thermal Emission Spectrometer results: Mars atmospheric thermal structure of aerosol distribution. J Geophys Res. 2001; 16(E10):23929–45.
39.
RuckerMA, OlesonS, GeorgeP, et al.Solar Versus Fission Surface Power for Mars. 2016; AIAA SPACE Forum. Paper No. 2016–5452.
40.
GurwellMA, BerginEA, MelnickGJ, TollsV. Mars surface and atmospheric temperature during the 2001 global dust storm. Icarus. 2005; 175(1):23–31.
41.
SmithMD, WolffMJ, SpanovichN, et al.One Martian year of atmospheric observations using MER Mini-TES. J Geophys Res. 2006; 111(E12):1–16.
42.
CantorBA, JamesPB, CaplingerM, WolffMJ. Martian dust storms: 1999 Mars Orbiter Camera observations. J Geophys Res. 2001; 106(E10):23653–87.
43.
WangH, RichardsonMI. The origin, evolution, and trajectory of large dust storms on Mars during Mars years 24–30 (1999–2011). Icarus. 2015; 251:112–27.
44.
ZurekRW, MartinLJ. Interannual variability of planet-encircling dust storms on Mars. J Geophys Res. 1993; 98(E2):3247–59.
45.
Elkins-TantonLT.Mars. New York: Chelsea House, 2006.
46.
SmithDE, ZuberMT, SolomonSC, et al.The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution. Science. 1999; 284(5419):1495–503.
47.
PhillipsRJ, ZuberMT, SolomonSC, et al.Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars. Science. 2001; 291(5513):2587–91.
48.
TanakaKL, RobbinsSJ, FortezzoCM, SkinnerJAJr., HareTM. The digital global geologic map of Mars: Chronostratigraphic ages, topographic and crater morphologic characteristics, and updated resurfacing history. Planet Space Sci. 2014; 95:11–24.
49.
RafkinSCR, MichaelsTI. Meteorological predictions for 2003 Mars Exploration Rover high-priority landing sites. J Geophys Res Planets. 2003; 108(E12):1–23.
50.
ZhongS.Migration of Tharsis volcanism on Mars caused by differential rotation of the lithosphere. Nat Geosci. 2009; 2:19–23.
51.
HynekBM, BeachM, HokeMRT. Updated global map of Martian valley networks and implications for climate and hydrologic processes. J Geophys Res. 2010; 115(E9):1–14.
52.
CarrMH.The fluvial history of Mars. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A. 2012; 370(1966):2193–215.
53.
di AchilleG, HynekBM. Deltas and valley networks on Mars: Implications for a global hydrosphere. In: CabrolNA, GrinEA (eds). Lakes on Mars. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010, pp. 223–248.
54.
ParkerTJ, SaundersRS, SchneebergerDM. Transitional morphology in West Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary. Icarus. 1989; 82(1):111–45.
55.
BakerVR, StromRG, GulickVC, KargelJS, KomatsuG, KaleVS. Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature. 1991; 352:589–94.
56.
GoudgeTA, FassettCI, HeadJW, MustardJF, AureliKL. Insights into surface runoff on early Mars from paleolake basin morphology and stratigraphy. Geology. 2016; 44(6):419–22.
57.
FassettCI, Head JWIII. Valley network-fed, open-basin lakes on Mars: Distribution and implications for Noachian surface and subsurface hydrology. Icarus. 2008; 198(1):37–56.
58.
StokerCR, McKayCP, HaberleRM, AndersenDT. Science strategy for human exploration of Mars. Adv Space Res. 1992; 12(4):79–90.
59.
CousinA, MeslinPY, WiensRC, et al.Compositions of coarse and fine particles in Martian soils at gale: A window into the production of soils. Icarus. 2015; 249:22–42.
60.
AshRL, EmeryJ, CraneB, et al.Mechanical Properties of Icy Mars Regolith Simulant: Assessment of a Potential ISRU Feedstock. 2016; 9th Symp Space Resour Util. Paper No. 2016–0227.
61.
FeldmanWC, PrettymanTH, MauriceS, et al.Global distribution of near-surface hydrogen on Mars. J Geophys Res Planets. 2004; 109(E9):1–13.
62.
ArcherPDJr., FranzHB, SutterB, et al.Abundances and implications of volatile-bearing species from evolved gas analysis of the Rocknest aeolian deposit, Gale Crater, Mars. J Geophys Res Planets. 2014; 119(1):237–54.
63.
RiceMS, Bell JFIII, CloutisEA, et al.Silica-rich deposits and hydrated minerals at Gusev Crater, Mars: Vis-NIR spectral characterization and regional mapping. Icarus. 2010; 205(2):375–95.
64.
LeshinLA, MahaffyPR, WebsterCR, et al.Volatile, isotope, and organic analysis of Martian fines with the Mars Curiosity rover. Science. 2013; 341(6153):1–9.
65.
EhlmannBL, MustardJF, MurchieSL, et al.Subsurface water and clay mineral formation during the early history of Mars. Nature. 2011; 479(7371):53–60.
66.
HynekBM, OsterlooMK, Kierein-YoungKS. Late-stage formation of Martian chloride salts through ponding and evaporation. Geology. 2015; 43(9):787–90.
DavilaAF, WillsonD, CoatesJD, McKayCP. Perchlorate on Mars: A chemical hazard and a resource for humans. Int J Astrobiology. 2013; 12(4):321–5.
69.
ZentAP, HechtMH, CobosDR, et al.Initial results from the thermal and electrical conductivity probe (TECP) on Phoenix. J Geophys Res Planets. 2010; 115(E3):1–23.
70.
KiefferHH, ZentAP. Quasi-periodic climate change on Mars. In: KiefferHH, JakoskyBM, SnyderCW, MatthewsMS (eds). Mars. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992, pp. 1180–1218.
71.
SeiferlinK, HeimbergM, RusselP. Thermal Properties of Martian Soil, Ice, and Mixtures. 2006; Fourth Mars Polar Sci Conf. Paper No. 8048.
72.
OlhoeftGR. Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Martian Particles. 1991; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 19910017760.
73.
SmithMD.Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999–2003. Icarus. 2004; 167(1):148–65.
74.
KiefferHH.Soil and surface temperatures at the Viking landing sites. Science. 1976; 194(4271):1344–6.
75.
BaldridgeAM, LaneMD, EdwardsCS. Searching at the right time of day: Evidence for aqueous minerals in Columbus crater with TES and THEMIS data. J Geophys Res Planets. 2013; 118(2):179–89.
76.
PerkoHA, NelsonJD, GreenJR. Mars soil mechanical properties and suitability of Mars soil simulants. J Aerosp Eng. 2006; 19(3):1–8.
77.
WexlerA.Vapor pressure formulation for water in range 0 to 100°C. A revision. J Res Natl Bureau Stand A. 1976; 80A(5–6):775–85.
78.
HaberleRM, McKayCP, SchaefferJ, et al.On the possibility of liquid water on present-day Mars. J Geophys Res. 2001; 106(E10):23317–26.
79.
McEwenAS, OjhaL, DundasCM, et al.Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes. Science. 2011; 333(6043):740–3.
80.
McEwenA, ChojnackiM, DundasC, et al.Recurring slope lineae on Mars: Atmospheric origin?. EPSC Abstr. 2015; 10:1–2.
81.
DundasCM, McEwenAS, ChojnackiM, et al.Granular flows at recurring slope lineae on Mars indicate a limited role for liquid water. Nat Geosci. 2017; 10:903–7.
82.
OjhaL, WilhelmMB, MurchieSL, et al.Spectral evidence for hydrated salts in recurring slope lineae on Mars. Nat Geosci. 2015; 8:829–32.
83.
ChevrierVF, HanleyJ, AltheideTS. Stability of perchlorate hydrates and their liquid solutions at the Phoenix landing site, Mars. Geophys Res Lett. 2009; 36(10):1–6.
84.
ZorzanoM-P, Mateo-MartíE, Prieto-BallesterosO, OsunaS, RennoN. Stability of liquid saline water on present day Mars. Geophys Res Lett. 2009; 36(20):1–4.
85.
StillmanDE, MichaelsTI, GrimmRE, HanleyJ. Observations and modeling of northern mid-latitude recurring slope lineae (RSL) suggest recharge by present-day martian briny aquifer. Icarus. 2016; 265:125–38.
86.
MalinMC, EdgettKS, PosiolovaLV, McColleySM, DobreaEZN. Present-day impact cratering rate and contemporary gully activity on Mars. Science. 2006; 314(5805):1573–7.
87.
HeldmannJL, CarlssonE, JohanssonH, MellonMT, ToonOB. Observations of martian gullies and constraints on potential formation mechanisms II. The northern hemisphere. Icarus. 2007; 188(2):324–44.
88.
ZuberMT, SmithDE, SolomonSC, et al.Observations of the north polar region of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. Science. 1998; 282(5396):2053–60.
89.
SmithDE, ZuberMT, NeumannGA. Seasonal variations of snow depth on Mars. Science. 2001; 294(5549):2141–6.
90.
SchenkPM, MooreJM. Stereo topography of the south polar region of Mars: Volatile inventory and Mars Polar Lander landing site. J Geophys Res. 2000; 105(E10):24529–46.
91.
ByrneS, IngersollAP. A sublimation model for Martian south polar ice features. Science. 2003; 299(5609):1051–3.
92.
PhillipsRJ, DavisBJ, TanakaKL, et al.Massive CO2 ice deposits sequestered in the south polar layered deposits of Mars. Science. 2011; 332(6031):838–41.
93.
HarrisSA, FrenchHM, HeginbottomJA, et al.Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms. 1988; Natl Res Counc Can. Tech Memo No. 142.
94.
MitrofanovIG, ZuberMT, LitvakML, et al.Water ice permafrost on Mars: Layering structure and subsurface distribution according to HEND/Odyssey and MOLA/MGS data. Geophys Res Lett. 2007; 34(18):1–5.
95.
MellonMT, ArvidsonRE, SizemoreHG, et al.Ground ice at the Phoenix landing site: Stability state and origin. J Geophys Res. 2009; 114(E1):1–15.
96.
BalintTS. Small Power System Trade Options for Advanced Mars Mission Studies. 2004; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 20060043849.
97.
VasavadaAR, ChenA, BarnesJR, et al.Assessment of environments for Mars Science Laboratory entry, descent, and surface operations. Space Sci Rev. 2012; 170(1–4):793–835.
98.
AppelbaumJ, FloodDJ. Solar Radiation on Mars. 1989; NASA. Tech Memo No. 102299.
99.
HaberleRM, McKayCP, PollackJB, et al.Atmospheric effects on the utility of solar power on Mars. In: LewisJS, MatthewsMS, GuerrieriML (eds). Resources of Near-Earth Space. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993, pp. 845–885.
100.
Vicente-RetortilloÁ, ValeroF, VázquezL, MartínezGM. A model to calculate solar radiation fluxes on the Martian surface. J Space Weather Space Clim. 2015; 5(A33):1–13.
101.
DuffieJA, BeckmanWA. Solar Engineering and Thermal Processes. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
102.
RafkinSCR, ZeitlinC, EhresmannB, et al.Diurnal variations of energetic particle radiation at the surface of Mars as observed by the Mars Science Laboratory Radiation Assessment Detector. J Geophys Res Planets. 2014; 119(6):1345–58.
HasslerDM, ZeitlinC, Wimmer-SchweingruberRF, et al.Mars' surface radiation environment measured with the Mars Science Laboratory's curiosity rover. Science. 2013; 343(6169):1–11.
105.
GorguinpourC.Characteristics of solar particle events at Mars relative to Earth. Adv Space Res. 2012; 50(9):1300–9.
106.
ReitzG, MatthiäD, HasslerDM, et al.Radiation Measurements of the Mars Science Lab Radiation Assessment Detector (MSL-RAD) on the Surface of Mars. 2016; 46th Int Conf Environ Syst. Paper No. 2016–437.
107.
CucinottaFA.Space radiation risks for astronauts on multiple international space station missions. PLoS One. 2014; 9(4):1–14.
108.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. New York: UN Publication, 2008.
109.
GrimmRE, HarrisonKP, StillmanDE, KirchoffMR. On the secular retention of ground water and ice on Mars. J Geophys Res Planets. 2017; 122:94–109.
110.
OroseiR, LauroSE, PettinelliE, et al.Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars. Science. 2018; 361(6401):490–3.
111.
HoltJW, SafaeiniliA, PlautJJ, et al.Radar sounding evidence for buried glaciers in the southern mid-latitudes of Mars. Science. 2008; 322(5905):1235–8.
112.
HolmanKD, GronewoldA, NotaroM, ZarrinA. Improving historical precipitation estimates over the Lake Superior basin. Geophys Res Lett. 2012; 39(3):1–5.
113.
FeldmanWC, PathareA, MauriceS, et al.Mars Odyssey neutron data: 2. Search for buried excess water ice deposits at nonpolar latitudes on Mars. J Geophys Res. 2011; 116(E11):1–17.
114.
StuurmanCM, OsinskiGR, HoltJW, et al.SHARAD detection and characterization of subsurface water ice deposits in Utopia Planitia, Mars. Geophys Res Lett. 2016; 43(18):9484–91.
115.
ByrneS, DundasCM, KennedyMR, et al.Distribution of mid-latitude ground ice on mars from new impact craters. Science. 2009; 325(5948):1674–6.
116.
WilsonJT, EkeVR, MasseyRJ, et al.Equatorial locations of water on Mars: Improved resolution maps based on Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer Data. Icarus. 2017; 299:148–60.
117.
DundasCM, BramsonAM, OjhaL, et al.Exposed subsurface ice sheets in the Martian mid-latitudes. Science. 2018; 359(6372):199–201.
118.
ViolaD, McEwenAS. Geomorphological Evidence for Shallow Ice in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars. J Geophys Res Planets. 2018; 123(1):262–77.
119.
BostonPJ, FrederickRD, WelchSM, et al.Human utilization of subsurface extraterrestrial environments. Gravit Space Biol Bull. 2003; 16(2):121–31.
LéveilléRJ, DattaS. Lava tubes and basaltic caves as astrobiological targets on Earth and Mars: A review. Planet Space Sci. 2010; 58(4):592–8.
122.
PavlovAA, VasilyevG, OstryakovVM, PavlovAK, MahaffyP. Degradation of the organic molecules in the shallow subsurface of Mars due to irradiation by cosmic rays. Geophys Res Lett. 2012; 39(13):1–5.
123.
WadsworthJ, CockellCS. Perchlorates on Mars enhance the bacteriocidal effects of UV light. Sci Rep. 2017; 4662:1–8.
124.
CrandallPB, GóbiS, Gillis-DavisJ, KaiserRI. Can perchlorates be transformed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) products by cosmic rays on the Martian surface?. J Geophys Res Planets. 2017; 122:1880–92.
125.
PavlovAK, BlinovAV, KonstantinovAN. Sterilization of Martian surface by cosmic radiation. Planet Space Sci. 2002; 50(7–8):669–73.
126.
FreissinetC, GlavinDP, MahaffyPR, et al.Organic molecules in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars. J Geophys Res Planets. 2015; 120(3):495–514.
127.
EigenbrodeJL, SummonsRE, SteeleA, et al.Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale Crater, Mars. Science. 2018; 360(6393):1096–1101.
128.
HoffmanS, AndrewsA, WattsK. “Mining” Water Ice on Mars: An Assessment of ISRU Options in Support of Future Human Missions. NASA, 2016.
129.
AndersonMS, EwertMK, KeenerJF. Life Support Baseline Values and Assumptions Document. 2018; NASA/TP-2015—218570/REV1.
130.
LinneDL, SandersGB, TamingerKM. Capability and Technology Performance Goals for the Next Step in Affordable Human Exploration of Space. 2015; AIAA SciTech Forum. Paper No. 2015-1650.
131.
SandersGB, MuellerRP. Mars Soil-Based Resource Processing and Planetary Protection. 2015; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 20150003489.
132.
KleinhenzJ, CollinsJ, BarmatzM, VoecksG, HoffmanS. ISRU Technology Development for Extraction of Water from the Mars Surface. Space Resources Roundtable XIX. 2018.
133.
AllenJ, van SusanteP, MediciE, EiseleT, ZacnyK, KleinhenzJ. Hard Rock Water Jet Mining, a Novel Method to Extract Water from Poly-Hydrated Sulphates on Mars. Space Resources Roundtable XIX. 2018.
134.
SandersGB, LarsonWE. Final review of analog field campaigns for In Situ Resource Utilization technology and capability maturation. Adv Space Res. 2015; 55(10):2381–404.
135.
SridharKR, FinnJE, KlissMH. In-situ resource utilization technologies for Mars life support systems. Adv Space Res. 2000; 25(2):249–55.
136.
ParrishC. Membrane Separation Processes at Low Temperatures. 2002; 40th AIAA Aerosp Sci Meet and Exhib. Paper No. 2002-0461.
137.
MosesRW, BushnellDM. Frontier In-Situ Resource Utilization for Enabling Sustained Human Presence on Mars. 2016; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 20160005963.
138.
OwensA, DoS, KurtzA, de WeckO. Benefits of Additive Manufacturing for Human Exploration of Mars. 2015; 45th Int Conf Environ Syst. Paper No. 2015-287.
139.
GustafsonRJ, WhiteBC, FidlerMJ, MuscatelloAC. Demonstrating the Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Lunar Regolith to Produce Oxygen. 2010; 48th AIAA Aerosp Sci Meet. Paper No. 2010-1163.
140.
van SusantePJ, DreyerCB. Lunar and Planetary Excavation Prototype Development and Testing at the Colorado School of Mines. 2010; Earth and Space 2010.
141.
WerkheiserNJ, FiskeMR, EdmunsonJE, KhoshnevisB. Development of Additive Construction Technologies for Application to Development of Lunar/Martian Surface Structures Using In-Situ Materials. 2015; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 20150021416.
142.
AlexiadisA, AlberiniF, MeyerME. Geopolymers from lunar and Martian soil simulants. Adv Space Res. 2017; 59(1):490–5.
143.
SlabaTC, MertensCJ, BlattnigSR. Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars. 2013; NASA Tech Rep. Paper No. 20130012456.
144.
PriceH, BakerJ, NaderiF. A minimal architecture for human journeys to Mars. New Space. 2015:3(2):73–81.
145.
MuskE.Making humans a multi-planetary species. New Space. 2017; 5(2):46–61.
