A Microfabricated Dual Slip-Pressure Sensor with Compliant Polymer-Liquid Metal Nanocomposite for Robotic Manipulation

Abstract

Conventional grippers fall behind their human counterparts as they do not have integrated sensing capabilities. Piezoresistive and capacitive sensors are popular choices because of their design and sensitivity, but they cannot measure pressure and slip simultaneously. It is imperative to measure slip and pressure concurrently. We demonstrate a dual slip-pressure sensor based on a thermal approach. The sensor comprises two concentric microfabricated heaters maintained at constant temperature. An elastic dome, with embedded liquid metal droplets, is placed on top of concentric heaters. Heat transfer between sensor and the object in contact occurs through the elastic dome. This heat transfer causes changes in the power absorbed by the sensor to maintain its temperature and allows for measurement of pressure while identifying slip events. Liquid metal droplets contribute to enhanced thermal conductivity (0.37 W/m-K) and reduced specific heat (0.86 kJ/kg-K) of the polymer without compromising on mechanical properties (Young's modulus—0.5 MPa). For pressure monitoring, sensor measures change in power ratio against increase in applied force, demonstrating a highly linear performance, with a high sensitivity of 0.0356 N⁻¹ (pressure only) and 0.0189 N⁻¹ (slip with simultaneous pressure applied). The sensor discriminates between different contact types with a 96% accuracy. Response time of the sensor (60–75 ms) matches the measured response time in human skin. The sensor does not get affected by mechanical vibrations paving way for easy integration with robotic manipulators and prosthetics.