During embryogenesis, specific proteins expressed in cells have key roles in the formation of differentiated cells and tissues. Delivery of specific proteins into specific cells, both in vitro and in vivo, has proved to be exceedingly difficult. In this study, we developed a safe and efficient protein delivery system using encapsulation of proteins into biodegradable poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The PLGA NPs were used to deliver proteins into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Fluorescent markers loaded into the PLGA NPs were used to verify the internalization of NPs into hMSCs using FACS analysis and confocal microscopy. With these methods, we demonstrated that the encapsulated model proteins are readily delivered into hMSCs, released from the NP vehicles, and, finally, moved into the cytosols. Using chondrogenesis-related proteins such as aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs treated with aggrecan and COMP encapsulated PLGA NPs was clearly observed and caused to differentiate into chondrocytes.
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