Hydroelectric power is integral to Africa’s renewable energy landscape, offering sustainable solutions to address energy poverty and support economic growth. This review examines recent advancements in sedimentation control, turbine technology, and hybrid systems integrating solar and hydropower. Sedimentation management innovations, such as bypass tunnels and real-time monitoring, enhance reservoir efficiency, addressing a critical challenge in sediment-heavy regions such as the Nile Basin. Technological advancements in turbines, including variable-speed and eco-friendly designs, reduce ecological disruption while improving performance, particularly in biodiversity-rich waterways. Hybrid hydro-solar systems, exemplified by Ghana’s Bui Dam, present a resilient energy model by mitigating intermittency and optimizing resource utilization. Policy frameworks and capacity-building programs are also pivotal for sustainable development. Harmonizing regional regulatory policies through power pools such as the West African Power Pool is vital for fostering cross-border collaboration and investments. Strengthening sustainability protocols and incentivizing private sector participation are essential to address the region’s $93 billion annual infrastructure funding deficit. In addition, technical training and stakeholder engagement initiatives empower local communities, ensuring equitable benefit sharing. Despite high initial costs and technological barriers, integrating hydropower with solar and wind systems offers immense potential to stabilize grids and enhance renewable energy output. This review underscores the importance of aligning hydropower innovation with socioeconomic goals and environmental sustainability, advocating for a comprehensive approach to secure Africa’s energy future while meeting global sustainable development targets.
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