Mechanical ventilation is essential for supporting critically ill patients but increases the risk of bacterial colonization resulting from instrumental, biological, and practice-related factors. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), a common complication, is linked to prolonged mechanical ventilation and poor outcomes. Although decades of research have emphasized prevention through care bundles and best practices, VAP remains a significant concern. This review highlights current evidence and emerging strategies for VAP prevention and management in 2024, with practical relevance for respiratory therapists caring for mechanically ventilated adult patients.
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