The mouth offers a unique opportunity for the physician and dental hygienist to evaluate and monitor a number of early nutritional-related diseases and vitamin deficiencies in still-healthy people. Increasing evidence suggests that periodontal disease might be associated with several systemic diseases (diabetes, immunosuppression, obesity, hormonal changes). Conversely, oral/periodontal disease might be the perpetuating factor or possibly the trigger of chronic illnesses via the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the sub-gingival biofilm and oral microbiome unbalance. Office-based microbiological and susceptibility genomic testing in the oral cavity (e.g., BACTOdent-DENTYgen, 4P-Genomics, Luxembourg) are expected to be widespread tools in a global approach for an age-management strategy connecting oral health and personalized solutions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
DewhirstFE, ChenT, IzardJ, PasterBJ, TannerAC, YuWH, LakshmananA, WadeWG. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol, 2010; 192:5002–5017.
2.
AvilaM, OjciusDM, YilmazO. The oral microbiota: Living with a permanent guest. DNA Cell Biol, 2009; 28:405–411.
3.
KeijserB, ZauraE, HuseS, van der VossenJ, SchurenF, MontijnRC, ten CateJM, CrielaardW. Pyrosequencing analysis of the oral microflora of healthy adults. J Dent Res, 2008; 87:1016–1020.
4.
PasterBJ, OlsenI, AasJA, DewhirstFE. The breadth of bacterial diversity in the human periodontal pocket and other oral sites. Periodontol 2000, 2006; 42:80–87.
5.
LiuB, FallerLL, KlitgordN, MazumdarV, GhodsiM, SommerDD, GibbonsTR, TreangenTJ, ChangYC, LiS, StineOC, HasturkH, KasifS, SegrèD, PopM, AmarS. Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome reveals signatures of periodontal disease. PLoS One, 2012; 7:e37919.
6.
AlcarazLD, Belda-FerreP, Cabrera-RubioR, RomeroH, Simón-SoroA, PignatelliM, MiraA. Identifying a healthy oral microbiome through metagenomics. Clin Microbiol Infect., 2012; 18:54–57.
7.
AhnJ, ChenCY, HayesRB. Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control, 2012; 23:399–404.
8.
DocktorMJ, PasterBJ, AbramowiczS, IngramJ, WangYE, CorrellM, JiangH, CottonSL, KokarasAS, BousvarosA. Alterations in diversity of the oral microbiome in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2012; 18:935–942.
9.
ZarcoMF, VessTJ, GinsburgGS. The oral microbiome in health and disease and the potential impact on personalized dental medicine. Oral Dis, 2012; 18:109–120.
10.
DarveauRP. Periodontitis: A polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2010; 8:481–490.
MattilaKJ, NieminenMS, ValtonenVV, RasiVP, KesäniemiYA, SyrjäläSL, JungellPS, IsoluomaM, HietaniemiK, JokinenMJ. Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction. BMJ, 1989; 298:779–781.
13.
HolmesE, LooRL, StamlerJ, BictashM, YapIK, ChanQ, EbbelsT, De IorioM, BrownIJ, VeselkovKA, DaviglusML, KestelootH, UeshimaH, ZhaoL, NicholsonJK, ElliottP. Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature, 2008; 453:396–400.
14.
OttSJ, El MokhtariNE, MusfeldtM, HellmigS, FreitagS, RehmanA, KühbacherT, NikolausS, NamsolleckP, BlautM, HampeJ, SahlyH, ReineckeA, HaakeN, GüntherR, KrügerD, LinsM, HerrmannG, FölschUR, SimonR, SchreiberS. Detection of diverse bacterial signatures in atherosclerotic lesions of patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation, 2006; 113:929–937.
15.
HaraszthyVI, ZambonJJ, TrevisanM, ZeidM, GencoRJ. Identification of periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques. J Periodontol, 2000; 71:1554–1560.
16.
StelzelM, ConradsG, PankuweitS, MaischB, VogtS, MoosdorfR, Flores-de-JacobyL. Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis DNA in aortic tissue by PCR. J Periodontol, 2002; 73:868–870.
