Energy Dose Parameters Affect Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy–Mediated Eradication of Periopathogenic Biofilm and Planktonic Cultures

Abstract

Objective: This study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of a commercially available aPDT system in eradication of the periopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in both planktonic and biofilm cultures. Background Data: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an effective antibacterial approach in vitro; however, few data are available regarding effective light-energy parameters. Materials and Methods: Planktonic and biofilm cultures of periopathogens were exposed to a methylene blue–based formulation and irradiated with a 670-nm nonthermal diode laser. Energy doses were varied from 2.3 to 9.4 J/cm² through adjustments in illumination time and a constant power density. Controls consisted of no treatment, light only, and photosensitizer only. Temperature changes were recorded in experimental samples before and after illumination. Results : aPDT with an energy dose of 9.4 J/cm² was effective in eradicating P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans in biofilm and planktonic form. Reductions from control in planktonic cultures at this energy dose were 6.8 ± 0.7, 5.2 ± 0.6, and 1.9 ± 0.6 log₁₀, respectively, whereas biofilm reductions were 4.5 ± 1.2, 3.4 ± 1.1, and 4.9 ± 1.4 log₁₀. Decreasing the treatment time produced an energy dose–dependent killing effect in both models. Changes in sample temperature did not exceed 3°C under these exposure parameters. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that three important periopathogens are susceptible to aPDT-mediated killing, regardless of whether they are present in planktonic or biofilm form. Furthermore, a clear energy dose-dependence exists with this treatment that should to be taken into account when determining optimal treatment times in clinical application.