Bacteriophages as a Sustainable Alternative to Biocides: Advantages,Opportunities,and Challenges in Industrial Biofilm Control

Abstract

Biofilms, structured communities of microorganisms, pose persistent challenges in various industrial sectors such as food processing, water treatment, and energy production. Conventional control measures often depend on broad-spectrum biocides, which, although effective, are associated with significant drawbacks including environmental toxicity, biodiversity loss, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In response to these concerns, bacteriophages, viruses that specifically infect bacteria, have gained attention as a targeted and environmentally sustainable alternative. Owing to their host specificity, self-replicating nature, and ability to disrupt biofilm architecture, bacteriophages offer a compelling strategy for biofilm management. This review critically assesses the shortcomings of traditional biocides and evaluates the promise of bacteriophage-based interventions in industrial settings. While their application has shown success in sectors like healthcare, aquaculture, and food production, broader industrial adoption is hindered by challenges such as targeting multispecies biofilms, optimizing delivery methods, ensuring phage stability, and the scale of implementation. We highlight recent advances in industry-specific use of bacteriophages and propose actionable strategies to address these barriers. Emphasizing both ecological sustainability and operational feasibility, this review positions bacteriophages as a viable solution for long-term biofilm and biofouling control in industrial environments.