MathieuE, RitchieH, Rodés-GuiraoL, et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19); 2022. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths [Last accessed: December 10, 2022].
2.
Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet, 2022; 399(10325):629–655; doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
3.
Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations. 2014.
4.
NagelTE, ChanBK, De VosD, et al.The developing world urgently needs phages to combat pathogenic bacteria. Front Microbiol, 2016; 7(JUN):882; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00882
5.
CoetzeeJN. The characterization of a series of Proteus bacteriophages. South Afr J Lab Clin Med, 1958; 4(2):147–157.
6.
CoetzeeJN, De KlerkHC, SacksTG. Host-range of Lactobacillus bacteriophages. Nature, 1960; 187(4734):348–349; doi: 10.1038/187348A0
CoetzeeJN, BradleyDE, HedgesRW. Phages Iα and I2-2: IncI plasmid-dependent bacteriophages. J Gen Microbiol, 1982; 128(11):2797–2804; doi: 10.1099/00221287-128-11-2797
9.
BradleyDE, CoetzeeJN, BothmaT, et al.Phage t: A group T plasmid-dependent bacteriophage. J Gen Microbiol, 1981; 126(2):397–403; doi: 10.1099/00221287-126-2-397
10.
HiddemaR, CurranMD, FerreiraNP, et al.Characterization of phages derived from strains of Rhodococcus australis and R. equii. Intervirology, 1985; 23(2):109–111; doi: 10.1159/000149592
11.
CoetzeeJN, BradleyDE, HedgesRW, et al.Phage tf-1: A filamentous bacteriophage specific for bacteria harbouring the IncT plasmid pIN25. J Gen Microbiol, 1987; 133(4):953–960; doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-4-953
12.
RadyMH, SalehMB, MerdanAI. Antibacteriophage action on the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 and Bacillus sphaericus against Culex pipiens. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1990; 65(3–4):319–334.
13.
AliSM, SalehMB, MerdanAI. Comparative inhibitory action of 4 standard bacteriophages on the larvicidal activity of certain mosquito pathogenic bacteria against Culex pipiens larvae. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 1993; 23(2):341–348.
14.
AliSM, SalehMB, MerdanAI. Isolation, purification and ultrastructure of bacteriophages from natural mosquito breeding places in Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 1993; 23(2):431–435.
15.
AliSM, SalehMB, MerdanAI. A field survey of bacteriophage contamination of mosquito breeding places, inhibiting bacterial insecticide. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 1993; 23(2):389–397.
16.
El-SayedESA, El-DidamonyG, MansourK. Isolation and characterization of two types of actinophage infecting Streptomyces scabies. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 2001; 46(6):519–526; doi: 10.1007/BF02817996
17.
DamelinLH, PaximadisM, Mavri-DamelinD, et al.Identification of predominant culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species and associated bacteriophages from women with and without vaginal discharge syndrome in South Africa. J Med Microbiol, 2011; 60(2):180–183; doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.024463-0
18.
KokoAS, AckermannHW, TaiwoMA, et al.Nigerian phages: The first bacteriophages from Tropical Africa. Afr J Microbiol Res, 2011; 5(16):2207–2210; doi: 10.5897/AJMR10.647
19.
MareiEM, ElbazRM. Isolation and molecular characterization of three virulent actinophages specific for Streptomyces flavovirens. J Virol Res, 2013; 2(1):12–17.
20.
MainaAN, MwauraFB, OyugiJ, et al.Characterization of Vibrio cholerae bacteriophages isolated from the environmental waters of the Lake Victoria region of Kenya. Curr Microbiol, 2014; 68(1):64–70; doi: 10.1007/s00284-013-0447-x
21.
TewfikeTA, DesokySM. Biocontrol of Xanthomonas axonopodis causing bacterial spot by application of formulated phage. Ann Agric Sci, 2015; 53(4):615–624.
22.
Didamony GEl, AskoraA, ShehataAA. Isolation and characterization of T7-like lytic bacteriophages infecting multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Egypt. Curr Microbiol, 2015; 70(6):786–791; doi: 10.1007/s00284-015-0788-8
23.
EssohC, LatinoL, MidouxC, et al.Investigation of a large collection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages collected from a single environmental source in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS One, 2015; 10(6); doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130548
24.
Ochieng'OduorJM, OnkobaN, MalobaF, et al.Efficacy of lytic Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mice. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2016; 10(11):1208–1213; doi: 10.3855/jidc.7931
25.
MsimbiraLA, JaiswalSK, DakoraFD. Identification and characterization of phages parasitic on bradyrhizobia nodulating groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in South Africa. Appl Soil Ecol 2016;108:334–340; doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.09.010
26.
Van ZylLJ, NemavhulaniS, CassJ, et al.Three novel bacteriophages isolated from the East African Rift Valley soda lakes. Virol J, 2016; 13(1); doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0656-6
27.
AdriaenssensEM, Van ZylL, De MaayerP, et al.Metagenomic analysis of the viral community in Namib Desert hypoliths. Environ Microbiol, 2015; 17(2):480–495; doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12528
28.
PopeWH, Jacobs-SeraD, RussellDA, et al.Genomics and proteomics of mycobacteriophage patience, an accidental tourist in the Mycobacterium neighborhood. MBio, 2014; 5(6); doi: 10.1128/MBIO.02145-14
29.
DedrickRM, Guerrero-BustamanteCA, GarlenaRA, et al.Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus. Nat Med, 2019; 25(5):730–733; doi: 10.1038/S41591-019-0437-Z
30.
NagelTE, ChanBK, NaleJY, et al. Phages as Antibacterial Agents: Laboratory Training in Developing Countries. In: AMR Control 2018—Overcoming Global Antimicrobial Resistance. Global Health Dynamics: Suffolk, UK; 2018; pp. 89–93.
31.
IlomuanyaMO, EnwuruNV, AdenokunE, et al.Chitosan-based microparticle encapsulated Acinetobacter baumannii phage cocktail in hydrogel matrix for the management of multidrug resistant chronic wound infection. Turkish J Pharm Sci, 2022; 19(2):187–195; doi: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.72547
32.
Kakou-NgazoaES, AddablahAA, KrylovaK, et al.First novel phages from rodents with lytic activity on clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains: Initiation for phage therapy in West Africa. Afr J Microbiol Res, 2020; 14(6):280–285; doi: 10.5897/AJMR2020.9329
33.
MutaiIJ, JumaAA, InyimiliMI, et al.Efficacy of diversely isolated lytic phages against multi-drug resistant Enterobacter cloacae isolates in Kenya. Afr J Lab Med, 2022; 11(1):1673; doi: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1673
34.
AskoraA, El-TelbanyM, El-DidamonyG, et al.Characterization of ϕEf-vB1 prophage infecting oral Enterococcus faecalis and enhancing bacterial biofilm formation. J Med Microbiol, 2020; 69(9):1151–1168; doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001246
35.
El-TelbanyM, El-DidamonyG, AskoraA, et al.Bacteriophages to control multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection of dental root canals. Microorganisms, 2021; 9(3):1–19; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030517
36.
AddablahAYA, Kakou-NgazoaS, AkpaEE, et al.Investigation of phages infecting Escherichia coli strains B and C, and Enterobacter cloacae in Sewage and Ebrié Lagoon, Côte d'Ivoire. PHAGE (New Rochelle, NY), 2021; 2(3):104–111; doi: 10.1089/PHAGE.2020.0047
37.
NyachieoA, AlafiS, MutaiIJ, et al.Isolation and characterization of novel lytic phages to combat multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. J Microbiol Infect Dis, 2021; 11(October):183–190; doi: 10.5799/jmid.1036727
38.
MhoneAL, MakumiA, OdabaJ, et al.Salmonella Enteritidis bacteriophages isolated from kenyan poultry farms demonstrate time-dependent stability in environments mimicking the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Viruses, 2022; 14(8); doi: 10.3390/v14081788
39.
SofyAR, El-DougdougNK, RefaeyEE, et al.Characterization and full genome sequence of novel KPP-5 lytic phage against Klebsiella pneumoniae responsible for recalcitrant infection. Biomedicines, 2021; 9(4); doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9040342
40.
TahaOA, ConnertonPL, ConnertonIF, et al.Bacteriophage ZCKP1: A potential treatment for Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from diabetic foot patients. Front Microbiol, 2018; 9(SEP):2127; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02127
41.
EcksteinS, StenderJ, MzoughiS, et al.Isolation and characterization of lytic phage TUN1 specific for Klebsiella pneumoniae K64 clinical isolates from Tunisia. BMC Microbiol, 2021; 21(1); doi: 10.1186/s12866-021-02251-w
42.
MichodigniNF, NyachieoA, AkhwaleJK, et al.Formulation of phage cocktails and evaluation of their interaction with antibiotics in inhibiting carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro in Kenya. Afr J Lab Med, 2022; 11(1):1803; doi: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1803
43.
MichodigniNF, NyachieoA, AkhwaleJK, et al.Genomic evaluation of novel Kenyan virulent phage isolates infecting carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and safety determination of their lysates in Balb/c mice. Arch Microbiol, 2022; 204(8); doi: 10.1007/s00203-022-03143-x
44.
PopeWH, BowmanCA, RussellDA, et al.Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity. Elife, 2015; 4; doi: 10.7554/eLife.06416
45.
Abd El-AzizAM, ElgamlA, AliYM. Bacteriophage therapy increases complement-mediated lysis of bacteria and enhances bacterial clearance after acute lung infection with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis, 2019; 219(9):1439–1447; doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy678
46.
EzemokweGC, AgwomFM, OkoliegbeI, et al.Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas phage zikora. Microbiol Resour Announc, 2021; 10(30); doi: 10.1128/MRA.00489-21
47.
Tweya OmwegaM, MaingiJM, Kebira NyamacheA, et al.Safety and efficacy assessment of bacteriophages isolated from Kibera, Kenya Wastewater Plant, against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in BALB/c mice. Am J Infect Dis Microbiol, 2021; 10(1):11–21; doi: 10.12691/ajidm-10-1-3
48.
OduorJMO, KiljunenS, KadijaE, et al.Genomic characterization of four novel Staphylococcus myoviruses. Arch Virol, 2019; 164(8):2171–2173; doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04267-0
49.
OduorJMO, KadijaE, NyachieoA, et al.Bioprospecting Staphylococcus phages with therapeutic and bio-control potential. Viruses, 2020; 12(2); doi: 10.3390/v12020133
50.
GomaaS, SerryF, AbdellatifH, et al.Elimination of multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis biofilms using bacteriophages. Arch Virol, 2019; 164(9):2265–2275; doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04305-x
51.
EssohC, VernadetJP, VergnaudG, et al.Characterization of sixteen Achromobacter xylosoxidans phages from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, isolated on a single clinical strain. Arch Virol, 2020; 165(3):725–730; doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04511-7
52.
LiangL, CarrigyNB, KariukiS, et al.Development of a lyophilization process for Campylobacter bacteriophage storage and transport. Microorganisms, 2020; 8(2); doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8020282
53.
SorourHK, GaberAF, HosnyRA. Evaluation of the efficiency of using Salmonella Kentucky and Escherichia coli O119 bacteriophages in the treatment and prevention of salmonellosis and colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Lett Appl Microbiol, 2020; 71(4):345–350; doi: 10.1111/LAM.13347
54.
MohamedDS, AhmedEF, MahmoudAM, et al.Isolation and evaluation of cocktail phages for the control of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli serotype O104: H4 and E. coli O157: H7 isolates causing diarrhea. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2018; 365(2); doi: 10.1093/FEMSLE/FNX275
55.
AbdelsattarAS, AbdelrahmanF, DawoudA, et al.Encapsulation of E. coli phage ZCEC5 in chitosan-alginate beads as a delivery system in phage therapy. AMB Express, 2019; 9(1):87; doi: 10.1186/s13568-019-0810-9
56.
TawakolMM, NabilNM, SamyA. Evaluation of bacteriophage efficacy in reducing the impact of single and mixed infections with Escherichia coli and infectious bronchitis in chickens. Infect Ecol Epidemiol, 2019; 9(1):1686822; doi: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1686822
57.
BumunangEW, McAllisterTA, StanfordK, et al.Characterization of non-O157 STEC infecting bacteriophages isolated from cattle faeces in North-West South Africa. Microorganisms, 2019; 7(12); doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7120615
58.
MontsoPK, MlamboV, AtebaCN. Characterization of lytic bacteriophages infecting multidrug-resistant shiga toxigenic atypical Escherichia coli O177 strains isolated from cattle feces. Front public Heal, 2019; 7:355; doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00355
59.
MontsoPK, MlamboV, AtebaCN. Efficacy of novel phages for control of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli O177 on artificially contaminated beef and their potential to disrupt biofilm formation. Food Microbiol, 2021; 94; doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103647
60.
MontsoPK, MnisiCM, AtebaCN, et al.An assessment of the viability of lytic phages and their potency against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli O177 strains under simulated rumen fermentation conditions. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021; 10(3):1–10; doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10030265
61.
KazibweG, KatamiP, AlinaitweR, et al.Bacteriophage activity against and characterisation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from colibacillosis cases in Uganda. PLoS One, 2020; 15(12 December); doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239107
62.
KazibweG, NdekeziC, AlinaitweR, et al.Genome sequences of bacteriophages UPEC01, UPEC03, UPEC06, and UPEC07 infecting avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Resour Announc, 2022; 11(3):e0081121; doi: 10.1128/mra.00811-21
63.
MahmoudM, AskoraA, BarakatAB, et al.Isolation and characterization of polyvalent bacteriophages infecting multi drug resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers in Egypt. Int J Food Microbiol, 2018; 266:8–13; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.009
64.
NabilNM, TawakolMM, HassanHM. Assessing the impact of bacteriophages in the treatment of Salmonella in broiler chickens. Infect Ecol Epidemiol, 2018; 8(1):1539056; doi: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1539056
65.
MohamedA, TahaO, El-SherifHM, et al.Bacteriophage ZCSE2 is a potent antimicrobial against Salmonella enterica Serovars: Ultrastructure, genomics and efficacy. Viruses, 2020; 12(4); doi: 10.3390/v12040424
66.
EsmaelA, AzabE, GobouriAA, et al.Isolation and characterization of two lytic bacteriophages infecting a multi-drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and their efficacy to combat salmonellosis in ready-to-use foods. Microorganisms, 2021; 9(2):1–19; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9020423
67.
HassimA, LekotaKE, DykDS van, et al.A unique isolation of a lytic bacteriophage infected Bacillus anthracis isolate from Pafuri, South Africa. Microorganisms, 2020; 8(6):1–29; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8060932
68.
El-ShibinyA, El-SahharS, AdelM. Phage applications for improving food safety and infection control in Egypt. J Appl Microbiol, 2017; 123(2):556–567; doi: 10.1111/jam.13500
69.
AbdelsattarAS, NofalR, MakkyS, et al.The synergistic effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and phage ZCSE2 as a novel approach to combat multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021; 10(6):678; doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10060678
70.
SofyAR, Abd El HaliemNF, RefaeyEE, et al.Polyvalent phage CoNShP-3 as a natural antimicrobial agent showing lytic and antibiofilm activities against antibiotic-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci strains. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2020; 9(5); doi: 10.3390/foods9050673
71.
AbdallahK, TharwatA, GhariebR. High efficacy of a characterized lytic bacteriophage in combination with thyme essential oil against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in chicken products. Iran J Vet Res, 2021; 22(1):24–32; doi: 10.22099/ijvr.2020.38083.5543
72.
AkremiI, HoltappelsD, BrabraW, et al.First report of filamentous phages isolated from Tunisian Orchards to control Erwinia amylovora. Microorganisms, 2020; 8(11):1–17; doi: 10.3390/MICROORGANISMS8111762
73.
OueslatiM, HoltappelsD, FortunaK, et al.Biological and molecular characterization of the lytic bacteriophage SoKa against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, causal agent of citrus blast and black pit in Tunisia. Viruses, 2022; 14(9); doi: 10.3390/V14091949
74.
WeiC, LiuJ, MainaAN, et al.Developing a bacteriophage cocktail for biocontrol of potato bacterial wilt. Virol Sin, 2017; 32(6):476–484; doi: 10.1007/s12250-017-3987-6
75.
ElhalagK, EldinMN, HussienA, et al.Potential use of soilborne lytic podoviridae phage as a biocontrol agent against Ralstonia solanacearum. J Basic Microbiol, 2018; 58(8):658–669; doi: 10.1002/jobm.201800039
76.
AhmadAA, ElhalagKM, AddyHS, et al.Sequencing, genome analysis and host range of a novel Ralstonia phage, RsoP1EGY, isolated in Egypt. Arch Virol, 2018; 163(8):2271–2274; doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3844-4
77.
TrotereauA, BoyerC, BornardI, et al.High genomic diversity of novel phages infecting the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, isolated in Mauritius and Reunion islands. Sci Rep, 2021; 11(1):5382; doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84305-7
78.
MuturiP, YuJ, MainaAN, et al.Bacteriophages isolated in China for the control of Pectobacterium carotovorum causing potato soft rot in Kenya. Virol Sin, 2019; 34(3):287–294; doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00091-7
79.
AkhwaleJK, RohdeM, RohdeC, et al.Comparative genomic analysis of eight novel haloalkaliphilic bacteriophages from Lake Elmenteita, Kenya. PLoS One, 2019; 14(2); doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212102
80.
AkhwaleJK, RohdeM, RohdeC, et al.Isolation, characterization and analysis of bacteriophages from the haloalkaline Lake Elmenteita, Kenya. PLoS One, 2019; 14(4); doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215734
81.
MainaAN, MwauraFB, JumbaM, et al.Novel PhoH-encoding vibriophages with lytic activity against environmental Vibrio strains. Arch Microbiol, 2021; 203(9):5321–5331; doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02511-3
82.
MajeMD, Kaptchouang TchatchouangCD, ManganyiMC, et al.Characterisation of Vibrio species from surface and drinking water sources and assessment of biocontrol potentials of their bacteriophages. Int J Microbiol, 2020; 2020:8863370; doi: 10.1155/2020/8863370
83.
Rangel-PinerosG, MillardA, MichniewskiS, et al.From trees to clouds: PhageClouds for fast comparison of ∼640,000 phage genomic sequences and host-centric visualization using genomic network graphs. PHAGE Ther Appl Res, 2021; 2(4):194–203; doi: 10.1089/phage.2021.0008
84.
CookR, BrownN, RedgwellT, et al.INfrastructure for a PHAge REference Database: Identification of large-scale biases in the current collection of cultured phage genomes. PHAGE Ther Appl Res, 2021; 2(4):214–223; doi: 10.1089/phage.2021.0007
85.
TurnerD, AdriaenssensEM, TolstoyI, et al.Phage Annotation Guide: Guidelines for assembly and high-quality annotation. PHAGE Ther Appl Res, 2021; 2(4):170–182; doi: 10.1089/phage.2021.0013
