Occurrence of β-Lactamase Genes Among Non-Typhi Salmonella enterica Isolated from Humans,Food Animals,and Retail Meats in the United States and Canada

Abstract

Non-Typhi Salmonella cause over 1.7 million cases of gastroenteritis in North America each year, and food-animal products are commonly implicated in human infections. For invasive infections, antimicrobial therapy is indicated. In North America, the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella is monitored by the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) and The Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). In this study, we determined the susceptibility to cephalosporins by broth microdilution among 5,041 non-Typhi Salmonella enterica isolated from food animals, retail meats, and humans. In the United States, 109 (4.6%) of isolates collected from humans, 77 (15.7%) from retail meat, and 140 (10.6%) from food animals displayed decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins (DSC). Among the Canadian retail meat and food animal isolates, 52 (13.0%) and 42 (9.4%) displayed DSC. All isolates displaying DSC were screened for β-lactamase genes (bla_TEM, bla_SHV, bla_CMY, bla_CTX-M, and bla_OXA-1) by polymerase chain reaction. At least one β-lactamase gene was detected in 74/109 (67.9%) isolates collected from humans, and the bla_CMY genes were most prevalent (69/109; 63.3%). Similarly, the bla_CMY genes predominated among the β-lactamase-producing isolates collected from retail meats and food animals. Three isolates from humans harbored a bla_CTX-M-15 gene. No animal or retail meat isolates harbored a bla_CTX-M or bla_OXA-1 gene. A bla_TEM gene was found in 5 human, 9 retail meat, and 17 animal isolates. Although serotype distributions varied among human, retail meat, and animal sources, overlap in bla_CMY-positive serotypes across sample sources supports meat and food-animal sources as reservoirs for human infection.