BondsRS, Midoro-HoriutiT. Estrogen effects in allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 2013; 13(1):92–99; doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32835a6dd6
2.
KeselmanA, HellerN. Estrogen signaling modulates allergic inflammation and contributes to sex differences in asthma. Front Immunol, 2015; 6:568; doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00568
3.
NewcombDC, CephusJY, BoswellMG, et al.Estrogen and progesterone decrease let-7f microRNA expression and increase IL-23/IL-23 receptor signaling and IL-17A production in patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2015; 136(4):1025–1034.e11; doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.046
4.
CephusJ-Y, StierMT, FuseiniH, et al.Testosterone attenuates Group 2 innate lymphoid cell-mediated airway inflammation. Cell Rep, 2017; 21(9):2487–2499; doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.110
5.
García-MarcosL, AsherMI, PearceN, et al.; Global Asthma Network Phase I Study Group. The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in children in 25 countries: GAN Phase I study. Eur Respir J, 2022; 60(3):2102866; doi: 10.1183/13993003.02866-2021
6.
TroisiRJ, SpeizerFE, WillettWC, et al.Menopause, postmenopausal estrogen preparations, and the risk of adult-onset asthma. A prospective cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995; 152(4 Pt 1):1183–1188; doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.4.7551368
7.
ChiuRG, EldeirawiK, DickAI, et al.Association of menopause and rhinitis among adult women in the United States: Findings from the all of Us Research Program. Laryngoscope, 2025; doi: 10.1002/lary.32015
8.
FahyJV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma—present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol, 2015; 15(1):57–65; doi: 10.1038/nri3786
9.
National Center for Health Statistics. Percentage of Ever Having Asthma for Children under Age 18 Years, United States, 2019–2023. 2024. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/NHISDataQueryTool/SHS_child/index.html [Last accessed: March10, 2025].
10.
GastonB, MyersRE, PhillipsB, et al.Pubertal changes associated with estrogen and not androgens are more strongly associated with lower lung function and fixed airflow obstruction: A cross-sectional analysis of children and adolescents in SARP III. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016; 193:A2176.
11.
FarhaS, AsosinghK, LaskowskiD, et al.Effects of the menstrual cycle on lung function variables in women with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009; 180(4):304–310; doi: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0497OC
12.
SwedS, SawafB, Al-ObeidatF, et al.Asthma prevalence among United States population insights from NHANES data analysis. Sci Rep, 2024; 14(1):8059; doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58429-5
13.
ZeinJG, UdehBL, TeagueWG, et al.; Severe Asthma Research Program. Impact of age and sex on outcomes and hospital cost of acute asthma in the United States, 2011–2012. PLoS One, 2016; 11(6):e0157301; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157301
14.
NwaruBI, TibbleH, ShahSA, et al.Hormonal contraception and the risk of severe asthma exacerbation: 17-year population-based cohort study. Thorax, 2021; 76(2):109–115; doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215540
HellingsPW, VandekerckhoveP, ClaeysR, et al.Progesterone increases airway eosinophilia and hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy, 2003; 33(10):1457–1463; doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01743.x
18.
Osei-KumahA, SmithR, JurisicaI, et al.Sex-specific differences in placental global gene expression in pregnancies complicated by asthma. Placenta, 2011; 32(8):570–578; doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.05.005
19.
ChambersCD, KrishnanJA, AlbaL, et al.The safety of asthma medications during pregnancy and lactation: Clinical management and research priorities. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2021; 147(6):2009–2020; doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.037
20.
ZhangP, LappenJR, AttawayA, et al.Asthma exacerbation risk in pregnancy and postpartum: Assessing the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus and other key factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2025; 13(3):576–582.e3; doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.12.013