Abstract
Background:
About 80% of women experience premenstrual symptoms (PMSx), and about 50% of women seek medical care for them, posing a large medical care burden. However, despite women's use of anti-inflammatory agents for relief from these symptoms, and the fact that anti-inflammatory agents provide relief from some PMSx, the relationship of inflammation to PMSx has not been well investigated.
Methods:
We, therefore, undertook the present cross-sectional analyses using baseline data from the longitudinal Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of midlife women (n = 2939), to determine if a biomarker of inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), was associated with PMSx. We performed factor analyses with Varimax rotations to determine five groupings of eight symptoms to develop a parsimonious set of outcome variables. We conducted backward stepwise multiple logistic regression models for each grouping, eliminating non-significant (p > 0.05) covariates.
Results:
Having an hs-CRP level >3 mg/L was significantly positively associated with premenstrual mood symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02–1.58), abdominal cramps/back pain (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.09–1.80), appetite cravings/weight gain/bloating (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.04–1.89), and breast pain (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.02–1.55). Elevated hs-CRP level was not associated with premenstrual headaches or reporting three or more PMSx.
Conclusions:
The significant relationships of specific groups of PMSx with elevated hs-CRP levels have potential clinical implications for treatment and possibly for prevention by advising women about the factors associated with inflammation and the potential for treatment with anti-inflammatory agents.
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