Abstract
The epidemic of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has extended to heterosexuals, and has reached the pediatrie population by vertical transmission. The exact timing of viral transmission, that is, intrauterine, intrapartum, or postpartum, and the mode of transmission from an HIV-1-infected pregnant woman to her newborn may differ from individual to individual. Currently, new modalities for prevention and treatment of HIV infection, including drug therapy and prophylaxis, immunotherapy, combination therapy, and potential vaccine candidates are under clinical investigation. However, their application to pregnant patients requires special consideration because of potentially adverse effects on the fetus.
This article reviews current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of HIV-1 in women of reproductive age, and in their fetuses and/or newborns. The proposed mechanisms of vertical transmission and strategies aimed at preventing transmission are discussed, based on pertinent animal models and ongoing research in these areas.
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