Management of Behavioral Disturbances in Dementia: Part 2 Pharmacologic #499

Cummings J , Ritter A , Rothenberg K . Advances in management of neuropsychiatric syndromes in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2019; 21(8):79; doi: 10.1007/s11920-019-1058-4

American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5-TR Classification. American Psychiatric Association; 2022.

Ooi CH , Yoon PS , How CH , et al. Managing challenging behaviours in dementia. Singapore Med J, 2018; 59(10):514–518; doi: 10.11622/smedj.2018125

Alagiakrishnan K . Melatonin based therapies for delirium and dementia. Discov Med, 2016; 21(117):363–371.

de Jonghe A , Korevaar JC , van Munster BC , et al. Effectiveness of melatonin treatment on circadian rhythm disturbances in dementia. Are there implications for delirium? A systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2010; 25(12):1201–1208; doi: 10.1002/gps.2454

López-Pousa S , Garre-Olmo J , Vilalta-Franch J , et al. Trazodone for Alzheimer’s disease: A naturalistic follow-up study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2008; 47(2):207–215; doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2007.07.010

Aisen PS , Johannessen DJ , Marin DB . Trazodone for behavioral disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 1993; 1(4):349–350; doi: 10.1097/00019442-199300140-00012

Teri L , Logsdon RG , Peskind E , et al. Treatment of agitation in AD: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neurology, 2000; 55(9):1271–1278; doi: 10.1212/WNL.55.9.1271

Herrmann N , Wang HJ , Song BX , et al. Risks and benefits of current and novel drugs to treat agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2022; 21(10):1289–1301; doi: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2136162

Marinheiro G , Dantas JM , Mutarelli A , et al. Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurol Sci, 2024; 45(10):4679–4686; doi: 10.1007/s10072-024-07576-8

Ballard CG , Coate B , Abler V , et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of pimavanserin in the treatment of agitation and aggression in patients with Alzheimer’s disease psychosis: A post hoc analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2020; 35(11):1402–1408; doi: 10.1002/gps.5381

Kongpakwattana K , Sawangjit R , Tawankanjanachot I , et al. Pharmacological treatments for alleviating agitation in dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2018; 84(7):1445–1456; doi: 10.1111/bcp.13604

Leonpacher AK , Peters ME , Drye LT , et al. CitAD Research Group. Effects of citalopram on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s dementia: Evidence from the CitAD Study. Am J Psychiatry, 2016; 173(5):473–480; doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15020248

Hsu TW , Stubbs B , Liang CS , et al. Efficacy of serotonergic antidepressant treatment for the neuropsychiatric symptoms and agitation in dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev, 2021; 69:101362; doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101362

Seitz DP , Adunuri N , Gill SS , et al. Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group. Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011; doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008191.pub2

Do A , Noohi S , Elie D , et al. Health Canada warning on citalopram and escitalopram—Its effects on prescribing in consultation-liaison psychiatry. Psychosomatics, 2016; 57(1):57–63; doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2015.09.003

Cummings JL , Lyketsos CG , Peskind ER , et al. Effect of dextromethorphan-quinidine on agitation in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease dementia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2015; 314(12):1242–1254.

Glass OM , Hermida AP , Hershenberg R , et al. Considerations and current trends in the management of the geriatric patient on a consultation-liaison service. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2020; 22(5):21.

McDermott CL , Gruenewald DA . Pharmacologic management of agitation in patients with dementia. Curr Geriatr Rep, 2019; 8(1):1–11; doi: 10.1007/s13670-019-0269-1

Herrmann N , Ruthirakuhan M , Gallagher D , et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Nabilone for agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2019; 27(11):1161–1173; doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.05.002

Broers B , Bianchi F . Cannabinoids for behavioral symptoms in dementia: An overview. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2024; 57(3):160–168; doi: 10.1055/a-2262-7837

Kales HC , Kim HM , Zivin K , et al. Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry, 2012; 169(1):71–79; doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030347

Meyer JM , Cummings MA , Proctor G , et al. Psychopharmacology of persistent violence and aggression. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 2016; 39(4):541–556; doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.07.012

Tampi RR , Tampi DJ . Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2014; 29(7):565–574; doi: 10.1177/1533317514524813