BriggsGG, FreemanRK, YaffeSJ, et al.: Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008.
2.
KallenB, ReisM: Ongoing pharmacological management of chronic pain in pregnancy. Drugs, 2016; 76:915–924.
3.
NagpalG, RathmellJP: Managing pain during pregnancy and lactation. In: BenzonH, et al. (eds.), Practical Management of Pain, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby, Inc., 2013, pp. 474–491.
4.
YazdyMM, DesaiRJ, BroglySB: Prescription opioids in pregnancy and birth outcomes: A review of the Literature. J Pediatr Genet, 2015; 4:58–70.
5.
BroussardCS, RasmussenSA, ReefhuisJ: Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2011; 204:314e1–314e11.
6.
StoverMW, DavisJM: Opioids in pregnancy and neonatal abstinence syndrome. Semin Perinatol, 2015; 39:561–565.
7.
BabbM, KorenG, EinarsonA: Treating pain during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician, 2010; 56:25–27.
8.
WunschMJ, StanardV, SchnollSH: Treatment of pain in pregnancy. Clin J Pain, 2003; 19:148–155.
9.
EbnerN, RohrmeisterK, WinklbaurB, et al.: Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome in neoates born to opioid maintained women. Drug Alcohol Dep, 2007; 87:131–138.
10.
MadadiP, AvardD, KorenG: Pharmacogenetics of opioids for the treatment of acute maternal pain during pregnancy and lactation. Curr Drug Metab, 2012; 13:721–727.
11.
SauberanJB, AndersonPO, et al.: Breast milk hydrocodone and hydromorphone levels in mothers using hydrocodone for postpartum pain. Obstet Gynecol, 2011; 117:611–617.
12.
EdwardsJE, RudyAC, et al.: Hydromorphone transfer into breast milk after intranasal administration. Pharmacotherapy, 2003; 23:153–158.
13.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA): FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Restricts use of Prescription Codeine Pain and Cough Medicines and Tramadol Pain Medicines in Children; Recommends Against Use in Breastfeeding Women. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2017.
14.
Welle-StrandGK, SkurtveitS, et al.: Breastfeeding reduces the need for withdrawal treatment in opioid-exposed infants. Acta Paediatrica, 2013; 102:1060–1066.