Alleviating Dyspnea and Possible Biologic Mechanisms

Abstract

View all access options for this article.

Hallenbeck

. Pathophysiologies of dyspnea explained: Why might opioids relieve dyspnea and not hasten death? J Palliat Med, 2012; 15:848–853.

Rady

. Patterns of systemic oxygen utilization in cardiac ischemic syndromes: Oxygen utilization in cardiac ischemia. Resuscitation, 1994; 28:205–214.

Ronco

, Fenwick

, Tweeddale

, Wiggs

, Phang

, Cooper

, Cunningham

, Russell

, Walley

. Identification of the critical oxygen delivery for anaerobic metabolism in critically ill septic and nonseptic humans. JAMA, 1993; 270:1724–1730.

Bredle

, Reinhart

. Critical oxygen delivery in patients with sepsis. JAMA, 1994; 271:1158–1159.

Rady

, Jafry

, Rivers

, Alexander

. Characterization of systemic oxygen transport in end-stage chronic congestive heart failure. Am Heart J, 1994; 128:774–781.

Billings

. Humane terminal extubation reconsidered: The role for preemptive analgesia and sedation. Crit Care Med, 2012; 40:625–630.