Purpose: To describe the demographic and clinical factors associated with the importance of
religiousness and spirituality among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
in the United States.
Methods: Longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of 2266 patients receiving
care for HIV infection surveyed in 1996 and again in 1998. Measures included 12 items
assessing religious affiliation and attendance, the importance of religion and spirituality in
life, and religious and spiritual practices. Multi-item religiousness and spirituality scales were
constructed.
Results: Eighty percent of respondents reported a religious affiliation. Sixty-five percent affirmed
that religion and 85% that spirituality was "somewhat" or "very" important in their
lives. A majority indicated that they "sometimes" or "often" rely on religious or spiritual
means when making decisions (72%) or confronting problems (65%). Women, nonwhites, and
older patients were more religious and spiritual. Residents of regions other than the western
United States reported higher religiousness. High school graduates were more religious and
spiritual than those with less education. Patients who did not report one of the risk factors
assessed for HIV infection had higher religiousness scores than injection drug users (IDUs).
Women, nonwhites other than Hispanics, patients older than 45 years of age compared to
those between 18 and 34 years of age, and more educated patients reported higher spirituality.
Clinical stage was not associated with religiousness or spirituality.
Conclusions: A large majority of HIV-infected patients in the United States affirm the importance
of religiousness and spirituality. These findings support a comprehensive, humanistic
approach to the care of HIV-infected patients.
